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. 2019 Mar 1;6:18. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00018

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Copyright © 2019 Mathieu and Boulanger.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Circulating Lp(a) particles associate with ATX and enter the aortic valve, where ATX can metabolize lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) presents in the Lp(a) particles into lysophosphatidic acid (LysoPA). Pericellular LysoPA can then associate with LPAR1, which promotes NF-κB nuclear translocation. NF-κB activation results in elevated expression of the IL-6 and BMP-2 pro-osteogenic factors. ATX, autotaxin; LPAR1, lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1; IL-6, interleukin 6; BMP2, bone morphogenetic protein 2; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B.