Table 4.
Microfibril angle from different sources of cellulose obtained through the use of different characterization techniques.
| Source of cellulose | Microfibril angle (o) | Techniques∗ |
|---|---|---|
| Picea abies | ≤5 (earlywood), 20 (latewood) | SAXS (Jakob et al., 1994) |
| 8 (earlywood), 9 (latewood) | XRD (Sahlberg et al., 1997) | |
| Picea excelsa | 32—35 (normal wood) | XRD (Kantola and Seitsonen, 1961) |
| 39—43 (compression wood) | ||
| 18 (normal wood) | SAXS (Kantola and Kähkönen, 1963) | |
| 25—45 (compression wood) | ||
| Cedar (branch) | 39—57 | PLM (Preston, 1934) |
| Japanese larch | 37—79 | PLM (Preston, 1934) |
| Abies nobilis | 23—69 | PLM (Preston, 1934) |
| Virginia pine | 20 | PLM (Mark, 1967) |
| Loblolly pine | 4—25 (latewood) | SM (Hiller, 1964) |
| 19.22—34.06 | NIR (Jones et al., 2005) | |
| Slash pine | 10—40 (latewood) | SM (Hiller, 1964) |
| Douglas fir | 20 (early &and normal wood) | XRD (El-osta et al., 1973) |
| 7—30 | PLM (Erickson and Arima, 1974) | |
| Pinus radiata | 10.7—41.6 | NIR (Schimleck et al., 2002) |
| 12—27 | PLM (Boyd and Foster, 1974) | |
∗PLM:, polarized light microscopy; SM:, staining methods; NIR:, near IR spectroscopy; XRD:, X-ray diffraction; SAXS:, small angle X-ray scattering.