Table 1.

General Characteristics of Study Participants According to Study Groups

Variables	NWH (n=982)	MHO (n=232)	MUO (n=905)	P Values
				P 1	P 2
					MHO vs NWH	MUO vs NWH	MHO vs MUO
Unadjusted
Male, %	42.1	59.9	65.1	<0.001a	···	···	···
Age, y, mean±SD	12.1±3.2	10.8±2.9	11.9±2.8	<0.001a	<0.001a	0.133	<0.001a
Pubertal stage, %				<0.001a	···	···	···
1	34.4	56.9	36.2		···	···	···
2	14.8	11.6	17.7		···	···	···
3	17.9	12.5	15.9		···	···	···
4	26.9	8.6	19.0		···	···	···
5	6.0	10.3	11.1		···	···	···
Residence, urban (%)	74.8	72.0	61.2	<0.001a	···	···	···
Diet score, mean±SD	36.2±4.8	36.2±5.0	35.9±4.7	0.292	0.969	0.138	0.333
MVPA, %	62.3	60.1	52.1	<0.001a	···	···	···
Adjusted (mean±SEM)b
BMI, kg/m2	17.4±0.1	25.3±0.2	26.8±0.1	<0.001a	<0.001a	<0.001a	<0.001a
BMI, z score	−0.28±0.02	1.89±0.04	2.00±0.02	<0.001a	<0.001a	<0.001a	0.018a
Waist circumference, cm	61.5±0.2	79.7±0.4	84.3±0.2	<0.001a	<0.001a	<0.001a	<0.001a
FAT%	16.9±0.2	30.0±0.4	31.8±0.2	<0.001a	<0.001a	<0.001a	<0.001a
SBP, mm Hg	98±0.3	105±0.7	116±0.3	<0.001a	<0.001a	<0.001a	<0.001a
DBP, mm Hg	61±0.3	67±0.5	73±0.3	<0.001a	<0.001a	<0.001a	<0.001a
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	4.06±0.03	3.93±0.05	4.17±0.03	<0.001a	<0.001a	<0.001a	<0.001a
Triglyceride, mmol/L	0.71±0.02	0.86±0.03	1.31±0.02	<0.001a	0.022a	0.003a	<0.001a
LDL‐C, mmol/L	2.42±0.02	2.48±0.05	2.70±0.02	<0.001a	0.296	<0.001a	<0.001a
HDL‐C, mmol/L	1.59±0.01	1.38±0.02	1.25±0.01	<0.001a	<0.001a	<0.001a	<0.001a
FBG, mmol/L	4.9±0.02	4.9±0.03	5.2±0.02	<0.001a	0.169	<0.001a	<0.001a
Fasting insulin, mU/Lc	1.46±0.02	2.06±0.04	2.62±0.02	<0.001a	<0.001a	<0.001a	<0.001a
HOMA‐IRc	−0.07±0.02	0.54±0.04	1.15±0.02	<0.001a	<0.001a	<0.001a	<0.001a

ANOVA (continuous variables) and the χ² test (categorical variables) were used in unadjusted analysis, and data were expressed as percentage or mean±SD. GLM was used in adjusted analysis, and data were expressed as mean±SEM. P ₁ values were for ANOVA or χ² test of difference in variables including age, sex, pubertal stages, residence, diet score, and physical activity or for GLM of other variables adjusted for age, sex, pubertal stages, residence, diet score, and physical activity. P ₂ was from a post hoc analysis between MHO and NWH, MUO and NWH, and MUO and MHO groups. BMI indicates body mass index; FAT%, percentage of body fat; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; GLM, general linear model; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; MHO, metabolically healthy obese; MUO, metabolically unhealthy obese; MVPA, moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity; NWH, normal‐weight healthy; SBP, systolic blood pressure.

^a P<0.05.

^bAdjusted for age, sex, pubertal stages, residence, diet score, and physical activity.

^cSkewed distributions were natural logarithmically transformed.