Table 3.
Phenotype | Number of Adipokine Abnormalities | P Values | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 (n=170) | 1 (n=406) | 2 (n=415) | 3 (n=146) | ||
Unadjusted | |||||
Male, % | 35.8 | 40.8 | 32.4 | 32.9 | 0.044a |
Age, y, mean±SD | 10.1±2.5 | 11.5±2.9b | 12.3±2.7b, c | 12.6±2.9b, c | <0.001a |
Pubertal stages, % | <0.001a | ||||
1 | 64.6 | 42.0 | 34.9 | 29.8 | |
2 | 12.2 | 15.2 | 19.6 | 19.1 | |
3 | 10.4 | 14.2 | 15.3 | 20.6 | |
4 | 7.9 | 13.9 | 19.6 | 18.4 | |
5 | 4.9 | 13.9 | 9.7 | 12.1 | |
Residence, rural (%) | 37.6 | 42.4 | 32.8 | 30.1 | 0.011a |
Diet score, mean±SD | 36.5±4.7 | 35.8±4.9 | 35.7±4.8 | 36.4±4.7 | 0.161 |
MVPA, % | 61.0 | 52.6 | 52.1 | 52.8 | 0.251 |
BMI, kg/m2, mean±SD | 24.1±2.9 | 26.0±3.5b | 27.3±3.5b, c | 28.3±3.8b, c, d | <0.001a |
Adjusted (mean±SEM)e | |||||
Waist circumference, cm | 76.1±0.70 | 81.7±0.5 | 86.3±0.5b, c | 88.9±0.9b, c | <0.001a |
SBP, mm Hg | 108±0.8 | 113±0.6b | 116±0.6b, c | 119±1.1b, c | 0.034a |
DBP, mm Hg | 69±0.7 | 71±0.4 | 73±0.4b, c | 74±0.8b, c | 0.054 |
Triglyceride, mmol/L | 0.99±0.04 | 1.05±0.02 | 1.34±0.03b, c | 1.48±0.06b, c | <0.001a |
HDL‐C, mmol/L | 1.35±0.02 | 1.28±0.01b | 1.25±0.01b | 1.23±0.02b | 0.772 |
FBG, mmol/L | 5.10±0.03 | 5.17±0.02 | 5.15±0.03 | 5.15±0.04 | 0.656 |
Fasting insulin, mU/Lf | 2.07±0.04 | 2.38±0.03b | 2.63±0.03b, c | 2.79±0.06b, c, d | <0.001a |
HOMA‐IRf | 0.58±0.04 | 0.91±0.03b | 1.15±0.03b, c | 1.31±0.06b, c, d | <0.001a |
Adipokines | |||||
RBP‐4, μg/mLf | 3.35±0.02 | 3.46±0.02b | 3.61±0.02b, c | 3.85±0.02b, c, d | <0.001a |
Osteonectin, μg/mLf | −0.24±0.02 | −0.01±0.02b | 0.23±0.02b, c | 0.55±0.03b, c, d | <0.001a |
Leptin/adiponectinf | 0.12±0.06 | 0.78±0.05b | 1.42±0.04b, c | 1.82±0.05b, c, d | <0.001a |
MS components (%) | |||||
Central obesity | 77.6 | 76.1 | 84.3 | 92.5 | 0.050a |
High BP | 32.4 | 46.3b | 52.5b | 56.2b | 0.043a |
High triglyceride | 21.8 | 26.6 | 42.9b | 55.5b | <0.001a |
Low HDL‐C | 11.8 | 15.8 | 18.3 | 19.9 | 0.948 |
Hyperglycemia | 12.4 | 16.0 | 15.4 | 15.1 | 0.846 |
HOMA‐IR ≥3 | 15.3 | 37.4b | 51.8b | 62.3b | <0.001a |
MS | 14.7 | 24.9 | 34.5b | 45.9b | 0.005a |
MHO | 38.8 | 25.1b | 12.8b | 7.5b | <0.001a |
ANOVA (continuous variables) and χ2 test (categorical variables) were used in unadjusted analysis, and data were expressed as percentage or mean±SD. GLM (continuous variables) and logistic regression analysis (categorical variables) were used in adjusted analysis, and data were expressed as mean±SEM or percentage. P values were for ANOVA and χ2 test of difference in variables including age, sex, pubertal stages, residence, diet score, physical activity, and BMI or for GLM test and logistic regression analysis of other variables adjusted for age, sex, pubertal stages, residence, diet score, physical activity, and BMI. BMI indicates body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; GLM, general linear model; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; MHO, metabolically healthy obesity; MS, metabolic syndrome; MVPA, moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity; RBP‐4, retinol binding protein 4; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
P<0.05.
Statistical significance in a post hoc test after adjusting for age, sex, pubertal stages, residence, diet score, physical activity, and BMI, where differences from the nonadipokine abnormality group are indicated as P<0.05.
Statistical significance in a post hoc test after adjusting for age, sex, pubertal stages, residence, diet score, physical activity, and BMI, where differences vs the group with 1 adipokine abnormality are indicated as P<0.05.
Statistical significance in a post hoc test after adjusting for age, sex, pubertal stages, residence, diet score, physical activity, and BMI, where differences vs the group with 2 adipokine abnormalities are indicated as P<0.05.
Adjusted for age, sex, pubertal stages, residence, diet score, physical activity, and BMI.
Skewed distributions were natural logarithmically transformed.