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. 2018 Nov 22;7(23):e008919. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.008919

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© 2018 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Numerical model. A, A ganglion was modeled as having 15 choline acetyltranferase positive cells, and 8 biphenotypic (tyrosine hydroxylase and choline acetyltranferase positive cells). The nerve projecting from the ganglion to the sinoatrial node (SAN) cell has sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. B, Action potentials from the different components of the circuit. Stim shows the time when stimulation is on. ChAT and ChAT plus TH populations increased their firing rates in response to stimulation, and SAN cell action potential firing slowed down. C, Simulated SAN action potential cycle length changes (Δ P‐P) in wild‐type (WT) and Akita (Akt) cases without and with propranolol or atropine. D, Experimental data from Figure 5 (700‐ms stimulus duration) showing good agreement between numerical and experimental data. ChAT indicates choline acetyltransferase; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase.