Table 1.
Characteristics of Studies Reporting on Frailty and Chronic HF
| Source (First Author) | Reference No. | Y | Country | Study Period | Design | Type of Patients | Frailty Assessment | No. of Patients | Age, Mean±SD, y | Men, n (%) | Prevalence of Frailty, % (n/Total) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unique studies without overlapping data | |||||||||||
| Boxerb | 5 | 2010 | United States | 2004–2005, follow‐up in 2008 | Prospective | Patients with HF, aged ≥60 y | Fried phenotype | 59 | 78±12 | 42 (71.2) | 25.4 (15/59) |
| Cacciatoreb, a | 6 | 2005 | Italy | 1992 | Prospective (secondary analysis) | Outpatients with HF, aged ≥65 y | Frailty staging system | 120 | 75.9±6.7 | 48 (40) | 15 (18/120) |
| Denfeld | 23 | 2017 | United States | 2015–2016 | Cross‐sectional | Inpatients and outpatients with HF | Fried frailty phenotype | 49 | 57.4±9.7 | 33 (67) | 49.0 (24/49) |
| Fergusonb, c | 16 | 2017 | Australia | 2013 | Prospective | Inpatients with HF and AF, 100% | SHARE‐FI | 137 | 72±16 | 87 (63.5) | 63 (58/92) |
| Gastelurrutiab, c | 3 | 2014 | Spain | 2001–2012 | Prospective | Outpatients with HF | CGA | 1314 | 66.7±12.4 | 950 (72.3) | 44.2 (581/1314) |
| González‐Moneo | 17 | 2016 | Spain | 2005–2010 | Prospective | Outpatients with HF | Barber questionnaire | 525 | 71±11 | 320 (61) | 55 (279/509) |
| Khandelwala | 24 | 2012 | India | N/A | Prospective (secondary analysis) | Inpatients with HF | Fried phenotype | 30 | N/A | N/A | 76.7 (23/30) |
| Madanb, c | 11 | 2016 | United States | 2011–2013 | Prospective | Outpatients with advanced HF, aged ≥65 y, with 6‐min walk distance of <300 m | Fried phenotype | 40 | 74.9±6.5 | 17 (42.5) | 65 (26/40) |
| McNallanc | 7 | 2013 | United States | 2007–2011 | Prospective | Inpatients and outpatients with HF | Fried phenotype | 448 | 73.2±13.3 | 257 (57.4) | 18.8 (84/448) |
| McNallanb | 10 | 2013 | United States | 2007–2011 | Prospective | Inpatients and outpatients with HF | Fried phenotype and deficit index | 223 | 71.1±13.9 | 135 (60.5) | 20.6 (46/223) |
| Newmana | 25 | 2001 | United States | 1989–1990 | Prospective, observational (secondary analysis) | Outpatients with HF, aged ≥65 y | Fried phenotype | 181 | N/A | N/A | 22.7 (41/181) |
| Nishiguchi | 26 | 2016 | Japan | N/A | Prospective | Patients with HF, aged ≥60 y | Fried phenotype | 206 | 73.7±7.3 | 143 (69.4) | 16.5 (34/206) |
| Parmar | 27 | 2015 | United Kingdom | N/A | Retrospective | Patients with HF, aged ≥75 y | CSHA | 261 | N/A | N/A | 75.6 (197/261) |
| Reevesa | 28 | 2016 | United States | Prospective (secondary analysis) | Patients with HF, aged ≥60 y | Fried phenotype | 136 | Stable HFpEF, 71±7; stable HFrEF, 69±5 | Stable HFpEF, 16 (20%); stable HFrEF, 37 (66%) | Stable HFpEF, 0%; stable HFrEF, N/A | |
| Rodriguez‐Pascualb, c | 2 | 2017 | Spain | 2010–2012 | Prospective | Patients with HF, aged ≥75 y, who had at least one hospitalization in the past 12 mo | Fried phenotype | 497 | 85.2±7.3 | 194 (39) | 57.5 (286/497) |
| Uchmanowicz | 29 | 2018 | Poland | 2015 | Prospective | Patients with HF, aged ≥60 y | TFI | 330 | 72.1±7.9 | 182 (55.1) | 64.8 (214/330) |
| Vidánb, c | 4 | 2016 | Spain | 2009–2011 | Prospective | Inpatients with HF, aged ≥70 y | Fried phenotype | 416 | 80±6.1 | 210 (50.5) | 76 (316/416) |
| Woodsa | 30 | 2005 | United States | 1993–1998 | Prospective (secondary analysis) | Female outpatients with HF, aged 65–79 y | Fried phenotype | 509 | N/A | 0 | 45.6 (232/509) |
| Yamada | 31 | 2015 | Japan | N/A | Prospective | Patients with HF | Modified Fried phenotype | 181 | 68.1±9.7 | 69.1 (125/181) | N/A |
| Overlapping studies with data redundancy | |||||||||||
| Altimir | 14 | 2005 | Spain | 2001 | Prospective | Outpatients with HF | CGA | 360 | 65.2±10.9 | 261 (72.5) | 41.7 (150/360) |
| Boxer | 13 | 2008 | United States | N/A | Prospective | Outpatients with HF, aged ≥60 y | Fried phenotype | 60 | 77±10 | 43 (71.7) | 25 (15/60) |
| Gastelurrutia | 32 | 2013 | Spain | 2001–2012 | Prospective | Outpatients with HF | CGA | 1405 | 66.7±12.4 | 1015 (72.2) | 44.2 (621/1405) |
| Kenny | 33 | 2006 | United States | N/A | Prospective | Patients with HF, aged ≥60 y | Fried phenotype | 59 | Men, 76±9; women, 78±12 | 41 (71.7) | 27.6 (16/59) |
| Lupón | 15 | 2008 | Spain | N/A | Prospective | Outpatients with HF | CGA | 622 | 68 (Median) | 451 (72.5) | 39.9 (248/622) |
| Pons | 34 | 2010 | Spain | 2001–2008 | Prospective | Inpatients and outpatients with HF | CGA | 960 | 69 | 681 (70.9) | 35.1 (337/960) |
| Uchmanowicz | 35 | 2015 | Poland | N/A | Prospective | Patients with HF, aged ≥60 y | TFI | 100 | Nonfrail, 62.3±6.2; frail, 67.9±10.7 | 53 (53) | 89 (89/100) |
| Uchmanowicz | 36 | 2015 | Poland | 2014 | Prospective | Patients with HF, aged ≥60 y | TFI | 110 | 66.01±11.4 | 59 (53.64) | N/A |
| Vidán | 37 | 2014 | Spain | N/A | Prospective, observational | Inpatients with HF, aged ≥70 y | Fried phenotype | 450 | 80.1±6.1 | 227 (50.4) | 70.2 (316/450) |
AF indicates atrial fibrillation; CGA, Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (including Barthel Index, Older Americans Resources and Services Scale, Pfeiffer Test, and the abbreviated Geriatric Depression Scale); CSHA, Canadian Study of Health and Aging; HF, heart failure; HFpEF, HF with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, HF with reduced ejection fraction; N/A, not applicable; SHARE‐FI, Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe–Frailty Instrument; TFI, Tilburg Frailty Indicator.
a
Used in meta‐analysis of mortality.
b
Only patients with HF were analyzed.
c
Used in meta‐analysis of incident hospitalization.