Table 3.
Characteristics of CARDIA Study Participants by Timing of CAC Development, 2000/2001
| Characteristic | Prevalent CAC at Baseline (Year 15) (n=262) | Developed CAC During Follow‐Up (Year 20/Year 25) (n=570) | Did Not Develop CAC During Follow‐Up (n=1874) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SE) | % | Mean (SE) | % | Mean (SE) | % | |
| Age, y | 41.8 (0.2) | 40.8 (0.1) | 40.0 (0.08) | |||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 69.8 | 61.0 | 36.0 | |||
| Female | 30.2 | 39.0 | 64.0 | |||
| Race | ||||||
| Black | 35.1 | 43.9 | 45.6 | |||
| White | 64.9 | 56.1 | 54.4 | |||
| Field center | ||||||
| Birmingham, AL | 22.1 | 23.0 | 23.1 | |||
| Chicago, IL | 23.3 | 26.5 | 24.4 | |||
| Minneapolis, MN | 29.0 | 25.8 | 24.1 | |||
| Oakland, CA | 25.6 | 24.7 | 28.4 | |||
| Education | ||||||
| High school or less | 29.0 | 21.6 | 19.3 | |||
| Some college/college | 51.9 | 58.5 | 57.7 | |||
| Graduate school | 19.1 | 19.9 | 23.0 | |||
| Annual household income ($) | ||||||
| <16 000 | 10.5 | 7.4 | 7.7 | |||
| 16 000 to 34 999 | 15.4 | 15.4 | 14.7 | |||
| 35 000 to 49 999 | 19.3 | 16.9 | 15.5 | |||
| 50 000 to 74 999 | 18.3 | 20.2 | 23.2 | |||
| 75 000 to 99 999 | 16.5 | 15.3 | 15.1 | |||
| ≥100 000 | 20.0 | 24.8 | 23.8 | |||
| Fast‐food consumption ≥2 times per wk | 35.2 | 45.7 | 36.2 | |||
| Current cigarette smoker | 32.1 | 26.0 | 16.8 | |||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| Never | 19.7 | 22.1 | 20.0 | |||
| Moderate | 70.8 | 73.3 | 75.6 | |||
| Heavy | 9.5 | 4.6 | 4.4 | |||
| Physical activity | 402.6 (18.9) | 352.6 (11.5) | 345.3 (6.4) | |||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.3 (0.4) | 30.0 (0.3) | 27.9 (0.1) | |||
| Hypertension | 28.0 | 21.4 | 11.1 | |||
| Hypercholesterolemia | 20.2 | 11.0 | 5.3 | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 7.8 | 5.1 | 2.2 | |||
CAC was measured using the Agatston score. Any score >0 indicates presence of CAC. CAC indicates coronary artery calcium; CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study.