Table 4.
Baseline Measures of the Neighborhood Environment of CARDIA Study Participants by Timing of CAC Development, 2000/2001
| Characteristic | Prevalent CAC at Baseline (Year 15) (n=262) | Developed CAC During Follow‐up (n=570) | Did Not Develop CAC During Follow‐up (n=1874) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SE) | % | Mean (SE) | % | Mean (SE) | % | |
| Neighborhood povertya | 12.2 (0.7) | 11.9 (0.5) | 12.3 (0.3) | |||
| Population density | ||||||
| <2500 people per sq mi | 26.3 | 28.4 | 31.0 | |||
| 2500 to 7500 people per sq mi | 36.7 | 35.6 | 33.9 | |||
| >7500 people per sq mi | 37.0 | 36.0 | 35.1 | |||
| Total food outlet count within 3 kmb | ||||||
| <75 resources | 25.2 | 30.7 | 32.0 | |||
| 75–200 resources | 40.1 | 34.3 | 33.6 | |||
| >200 resources | 34.7 | 35.0 | 34.4 | |||
| Food outlet percentagec | ||||||
| Convenience stores | 14.6 (0.5) | 16.4 (0.5) | 15.8 (0.2) | |||
| Fast‐food chain restaurants | 3.8 (0.2) | 4.2 (0.1) | 4.2 (0.08) | |||
CAC was measured using the Agatston score. Any score >0 indicates presence of CAC. CAC indicates coronary artery calcium; CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study.
a
Neighborhood poverty measured as percent of individuals living under 100% of the federal poverty level within the participant's census tract of residence.
b
Total food outlet count includes fast‐food chain restaurants, sit‐down restaurants, supermarkets, and convenience stores.
c
Measured as the percentage of a specific food resource count relative to the total food resource count in a 3‐km Euclidean distance from the participant's residence.