Table 5.
Within‐Person Odds of Developing CAC Associated With a 1‐SD Within‐Person Increase in Percentage of All Food Outlets That Are Convenience Stores or Fast‐Food Chain Restaurantsa
| Model 1b | Model 2c | Model 3d | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P Value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Food outlet percentagee | ||||||
| Convenience stores | 1.34 (1.04–1.73) | 0.02 | 1.32 (1.03–1.71) | 0.03 | 1.34 (1.04–1.72) | 0.02 |
| Fast‐food chain restaurants | 1.13 (0.94–1.36) | 0.18 | 1.13 (0.94–1.36) | 0.18 | 1.15 (0.96–1.38) | 0.14 |
CAC indicates coronary artery calcium; OR, odds ratio.
All estimates are derived from fixed effects models. Each food resource type is investigated in a separate model. CAC was measured using the Agatston score. Any score >0 indicates presence of CAC.
Model 1: adjusted for age, age×race, and age×sex, income, population density, total food outlet density, and neighborhood poverty.
Model 2: adjusted as in model 1 plus physical activity, cigarette smoking status, alcohol consumption, and weekly fast‐food consumption.
Model 3: adjusted as in model 2 plus body mass index, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus.
Measured as the percentage of a specific food outlet count relative to the total food outlet count in a 3‐km Euclidean distance from the participant residence. Higher scores represent more unhealthy outlets: 1 SD of percentage of convenience stores=0.10, and 1 SD of percentage of fast‐food chain restaurants=0.03.