Table 6.
Mean Within‐Person Differences in CAC Associated With a 1‐SD Within‐Person Increase in Percentage of All Food Outlets That Are Convenience Stores or Fast‐Food Chain Restaurants, Among People with Measurable CACa
| Model 1b | Model 2c | Model 3d | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (95% CI) | P Value | B (95% CI) | P Value | B (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Unhealthy food outlet percentagee | ||||||
| Convenience stores | −0.026 (−0.139 to 0.087) | 0.65 | −0.027 (−0.146 to 0.091) | 0.64 | −0.030 (−0.150 to 0.089) | 0.61 |
| Fast‐food chain restaurant | −0.033 (−0.097 to 0.032) | 0.32 | −0.033 (−0.101 to 0.035) | 0.33 | −0.032 (−0.100 to 0.037) | 0.35 |
CAC indicates coronary artery calcium.
All estimates are derived from fixed effects models. Each food resource type is investigated in a separate model. CAC was measured using the Agatston score. Any score >0 indicates presence of CAC.
Model 1: adjusted for age, age×race, and age×sex, income, population density, total food outlet density, and neighborhood poverty.
Model 2: adjusted as in model 1 plus physical activity, cigarette smoking status, alcohol consumption, and weekly fast‐food consumption.
Model 3: adjusted as in model 2 plus body mass index, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus.
Measured as the specific unhealthy food outlet count relative to the total food outlet count in a 3‐km Euclidean distance from the participant residence. Higher scores represent more unhealthy outlets: 1 SD of percentage of convenience stores=0.10, and 1 SD of percentage of fast‐food chain restaurants=0.03.