Table 1.
Subject Characteristics by FD Status
| Total (N=4944) | Non–Food Desert (N=3963) | Food Desert (N=981) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 64±12 | 64±12 | 63±12 | 0.006a |
| Male | 3148 (64) | 2540 (64) | 608 (62) | 0.22 |
| Black race | 1087 (22) | 787 (20) | 300 (31) | <0.001a |
| Education | <0.001a | |||
| High school graduate or less | 2104 (43) | 1628 (41) | 476 (49) | |
| Some college | 1108 (22) | 883 (22) | 225 (23) | |
| College graduate | 1732 (35) | 1452 (37) | 280 (29) | |
| Urban | 2846 (74) | 2243 (73) | 603 (77) | 0.023a |
| Hypertension | 3913 (79) | 3110 (79) | 803 (82) | 0.028a |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1748 (36) | 1399 (36) | 349 (36) | 0.86 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 3537 (72) | 2848 (72) | 689 (71) | 0.32 |
| Smoking | 3393 (69) | 2723 (69) | 670 (68) | 0.82 |
| History of coronary artery disease | 4500 (91) | 3610 (91) | 890 (91) | 0.71 |
| History of myocardial infarction | 1178 (24) | 957 (25) | 221 (23) | 0.36 |
| History of revascularization | 2637 (53) | 2143 (54) | 494 (50) | 0.038a |
| History of heart failure | 956 (19) | 764 (19) | 192 (20) | 0.86 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 30±6 | 29±6 | 30±7 | 0.002a |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 166±45 | 166±44 | 166±47 | 0.65 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 94±38 | 94±37 | 96±39 | 0.11 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 43±16 | 43±14 | 43±23 | 0.9 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 73±24 | 73±24 | 72±26 | 0.62 |
| Gensini angiographic score, median (IQR) | 6.5 (0–32) | 6.5 (0–33) | 7 (0–31) | 0.9 |
| Ejection fraction % | 53±13 | 53±13 | 52±13 | 0.24 |
| Medications | ||||
| ACE/ARB use | 2757 (56) | 2235 (56) | 522 (53) | 0.07 |
| Aspirin use | 3762 (76) | 3038 (77) | 724 (74) | 0.07 |
| Clopidogrel use | 2215 (45) | 1779 (45) | 436 (44) | 0.83 |
| Statin use | 3471 (70) | 2805 (71) | 666 (68) | 0.08 |
| β‐Blocker use | 3340 (68) | 2687 (68) | 653 (67) | 0.47 |
Values shown are mean±SDs or median (IQR) for continuous variables and number (percentage) for categorical variables. ACE indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FD, food deserts; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; IQR, interquartile range; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.
a
Denotes a statistically significant P‐value.