Table 1.
Participants’ Baseline Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics by Condition
| Initial Randomization | Wait‐List Control (n=39) | Exercise Only (n=39) | Comprehensive (n=37) | Total (N=115) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disposition at 6 mo | No CR (n=16) | Exercise Only (n=12) | Comprehensive (n=11) | No CR | No CR | |
| Sociodemographic | ||||||
| Sex (male) | 11 (68.8) | 12 (100.0)†† | 4 (36.4)†† | 28 (71.8) | 27 (73.0) | 82 (71.3)‡ |
| Age, y | 55.9±6.7 | 60.7±13.3 | 60.6±8.4 | 59.0±9.9 | 60.7±8.8 | 59.5±9.4 |
| Education (low)§ | 9 (56.3)* | 10 (83.3) | 9 (81.8) | 33 (84.6)*†† | 21 (56.8)†† | 82 (71.3)‡ |
| Marital status (married or equivalent)** | 9 (56.3) | 9 (75.0) | 9 (81.8) | 27 (69.2) | 20 (54.1) | 74 (64.3) |
| Work status (employed) | 11 (68.8) | 3 (25.0) | 3 (27.3) | 14 (35.9) | 15 (40.5) | 46 (40.0) |
| Monthly income (low)∥ | 13 (81.3) | 11 (91.7) | 11 (100.0) | 34 (87.2) | 31 (83.8) | 100 (87.0) |
| Clinical | ||||||
| CR indication (yes) | ||||||
| MI | 15 (93.8) | 11 (91.7) | 9 (81.8) | 37 (94.9) | 35 (94.6) | 107 (93.0) |
| Angina | 12 (75.0) | 8 (66.7) | 7 (63.6) | 21 (53.8) | 21 (56.8) | 69 (60.0) |
| PCI | 10 (62.5) | 9 (75.0) | 4 (36.4) | 23 (59.0) | 22 (59.5) | 68 (59.1) |
| Bypass surgery | 3 (18.8) | 4 (33.3) | 3 (27.3) | 7 (17.9) | 12 (32.4) | 29 (25.2) |
| First event (no) | 4 (25.0) | 2 (16.7) | 2 (18.2) | 8 (21.1) | 12 (32.4) | 28 (24.8) |
| Comorbidities (yes) | ||||||
| Depression | 3 (18.8) | 2 (16.7) | 2 (18.2) | 7 (17.9) | 6 (16.2) | 20 (17.4) |
| Kidney disease | 1 (6.3) | 2 (16.7) | 1 (9.1) | 3 (7.7) | 6 (16.2) | 13 (11.3) |
| Liver disease | 0 (0.0) | 1 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.1) | 5 (13.5) | 8 (7.0) |
| Rheumatic disease | 1 (6.3) | 2 (16.7) | 1 (9.1) | 1 (2.6) | 2 (5.4) | 7 (6.1) |
| Cancer | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.6) | 5 (13.5) | 6 (5.2) |
| Stroke | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.6) | 2 (5.4) | 3 (2.6) |
| COPD | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (2.6) |
| Functional capacity | ||||||
| Stress test (HR max, bpm) | 118.7±21.2 | 125.3±21.4 | 112.4±17.2 | 124.8±21.4 | 120.4±24.2 | 121.4±21.9 |
| Stress test (peak METs) | 7.2±2.7 | 7.9±2.3 | 6.6±1.9 | 7.7±2.6 | 7.8±2.6 | 7.6±2.5 |
| ISWT, m | 380.6±111.6 | 443.3±186.6 | 297.3±106.4 | 361.0±119.4 | 381.1±120.9 | 372.7±128.5 |
| Risk factors | ||||||
| BP systolic, mm Hg | 115.0±21.6 | 117.5±9.6 | 122.7±18.5 | 117.3±24.7 | 123.8±15.1 | 119.6±19.6 |
| BP diastolic, mm Hg | 75.0±17.5 | 71.7±11.1 | 77.3±19.0 | 77.7±13.0 | 77.0±11.0 | 76.4±13.5 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.5±4.2 | 27.6±3.7 | 28.6±4.5 | 28.7±6.0 | 28.1±4.2 | 28.2±4.8 |
| WC, cm | 93.0±10.1 | 96.8±11.4 | 95.5±7.4 | 96.7±10.6 | 96.0±11.5 | 95.9±10.6 |
| TC, mg/dL | 137.3±29.0 | 154.2±40.3 | 165.4±30.2 | 148.7±39.4 | 165.0±61.9 | 155.7±46.9 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 68.8±21.2 | 84.1±38.9 | 93.3±24.3 | 80.4±23.7 | 86.4±29.7 | 83.1±27.9 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 42.6±6.5 | 39.3±7.5 | 44.2±6.8 | 40.4±14.3 | 39.5±7.9 | 40.7±10.1 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 134.1±57.5 | 152.9±44.1 | 136.4±55.0 | 137.7±75.2 | 166.0±117.0 | 148.6±85.6 |
| Glucose (fasting), mg/dL | 106.3±25.6 | 110.8±34.8 | 112.2±52.5 | 107.2±35.3 | 104.6±20.2 | 107.3±32.0 |
| Sleep apnea (yes) | 2 (12.5) | 2 (16.7) | 1 (9.1) | 4 (10.3) | 4 (10.8) | 13 (11.3) |
| Smoking (current) | 1 (6.3) | 1 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (10.3) | 3 (8.1) | 9 (7.8) |
| Medications (yes) | ||||||
| Statins | 16 (100.0) | 12 (100.0) | 10 (90.9) | 37 (94.9) | 36 (97.3) | 111 (98.2) |
| ASA | 16 (100.0) | 10 (83.3) | 10 (90.9) | 35 (92.1) | 35 (97.2) | 106 (94.6) |
| β‐Blockers | 16 (100.0) | 11 (91.7) | 10 (90.9) | 30 (78.9) | 33 (91.7) | 100 (89.3) |
| Antiplatelets | 13 (81.3) | 7 (58.3) | 8 (72.7) | 30 (78.9) | 23 (63.9) | 81 (72.3) |
| ACEIs | 6 (37.5) | 7 (58.3) | 7 (63.6) | 26 (68.4) | 27 (75.0) | 73 (65.2) |
| ARBs | 6 (37.5) | 5 (41.7) | 1 (9.1) | 8 (21.1) | 6 (16.7) | 26 (23.2) |
| Other | ||||||
| Cardiac knowledge¶ | 45.9±14.4 | 43.9±19.1 | 46.4±9.9 | 48.24±13.3 | 51.24±11.9 | 48.32±13.5 |
| Exercise (steps/wk) | 32 898.5±17 657.3 | 28 047.0±18 558.8 | 31 582.8±14 555.0 | 33 153.1±27 636.6 | 31 415.0±23 918.4 | 31 855.1±23 027.5 |
| Diet# | 10.1±5.8 | 9.2±7.7 | 3.4±5.7 | 5.92±7.4 | 4.65±7.7 | 6.18±7.4 |
Data are shown as n (%) or mean±SD. ACEI indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; bpm, beats/minute; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CR, cardiac rehabilitation; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; HR, heart rate; ISWT, incremental shuttle walk test; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; TC, total cholesterol; WC, waist circumference.
Bonferroni post hoc tests: *†one symbol P<0.05; 2 symbols P<0.01.
ANOVA or Fisher exact test for characteristic by condition ‡ P<0.05.
ie, living together for many years, although not officially married.
Did not complete high school.
Less than 4 minimum wages per month.
Scores on the Coronary Artery Disease Questionnaire23 range from 0 to 93, with higher scores indicating better knowledge.
Scores on the Food Frequency Questionnaire range from −36 to +47, with higher scores indicating better diet.