Table 3.
Functional Capacity, Risk Factors, Knowledge, and Heart‐Health Behaviors at 12 Months, by Condition, and Change From 6 Months (Per Protocol)*
| n | Estimated Marginal Mean† | 95% CI | P Value‡ | Change From 6 mo§ (MD±SD) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Functional capacity (ISWT), m | |||||
| Wait‐list control only | 3 | 415.7 | 254.3–577.1 | 25.0±35.3 | |
| Exercise only after 6 mo | 8 | 463.9 | 360.2–567.6 | 121.2±108.1§ | |
| CCR after 6 mo | 7 | 508.4 | 401.1–615.8 | 50.0±72.3 | |
| Exercise only | 15 | 497.8 | 423.2–572.5 | −9.3±77.8 | |
| CCR | 19 | 444.4 | 377.6–511.2 | −15.8±93.1 | |
| Total (SD)∥ | 52 | 469.8 | (161.7) | 0.75 | 18.2±30.1 |
| Risk factors | |||||
| BP systolic, mm Hg | |||||
| Wait‐list control only | 3 | 113.6 | 88.6–138.7 | −5.0±7.0 | |
| Exercise only after 6 mo | 9 | 127.0 | 111.9–142.2 | 3.3±17.3 | |
| CCR after 6 mo | 7 | 124.2 | 107.5–140.8 | 15.7±25.0 | |
| Exercise only | 15 | 121.6 | 110.0–133.2 | 10.7±24.6 | |
| CCR | 19 | 120.1 | 109.8–130.5 | 4.8±22.8 | |
| Total (SD)∥ | 53 | 121.9 | (20.7) | 0.89 | 7.3±3.8 |
| BP diastolic, mm Hg | |||||
| Wait‐list control only | 3 | 77.3 | 62.6–92.0 | −5.0±7.0 | |
| Exercise only after 6 mo | 9 | 79.8 | 71.0–88.7 | 0.0±12.2 | |
| CCR after 6 mo | 7 | 84.0 | 74.2–93.7 | 14.2±16.1 | |
| Exercise only | 15 | 79.8 | 73.0–86.6 | 7.0±15.3 | |
| CCR | 19 | 78.6 | 72.5–84.6 | 3.1±14.9 | |
| Total (SD)∥ | 53 | 79.8 | (12.3) | 0.90 | 4.9±2.4 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | |||||
| Wait‐list control only | 3 | 26.4 | 21.8–31.0 | 0.3±0.8 | |
| Exercise only after 6 mo | 9 | 26.9 | 24.1–29.7 | 0.0±1.2 | |
| CCR after 6 mo | 7 | 26.6 | 23.5–29.6 | −0.6±3.2 | |
| Exercise only | 15 | 26.6 | 24.4–28.7 | −0.3±1.6 | |
| CCR | 19 | 28.9 | 27.0–30.9 | 0.1±1.5 | |
| Total (SD)∥ | 53 | 27.5 | (4.0) | 0.46 | −0.1±0.7 |
| WC, cm | |||||
| Wait‐list control only | 3 | 93.6 | 80.8–106.4 | 1.8±1.7 | |
| Exercise only after 6 mo | 9 | 95.1 | 87.4–102.8 | 1.5±2.8 | |
| CCR after 6 mo | 7 | 92.6 | 84.1–101.1 | −1.1±8.3 | |
| Exercise only | 15 | 92.9 | 87.0–98.8 | 0.07±3.3 | |
| CCR | 19 | 98.2 | 92.9–103.5 | 0.1±4.1 | |
| Total (SD)∥ | 53 | 95.2 | (11.2) | 0.70 | 0.3±2.1 |
| Depressive symptoms (PHQ‐9) | |||||
| Wait‐list control only | 3 | 6.2 | 0.8–11.6 | −3.6±3.0 | |
| Exercise only after 6 mo | 9 | 2.8 | −0.3 to 6.1 | −0.2±2.9 | |
| CCR after 6 mo | 7 | 2.7 | −0.8 to 6.3 | −0.7±4.2 | |
| Exercise only | 16 | 5.6 | 3.2–8.0 | 1.7±5.3 | |
| CCR | 19 | 3.5 | 1.2–5.7 | −0.4±3.9 | |
| Total (SD)∥ | 54 | 4.1 | (4.7) | 0.41 | 0.0±0.9 |
| Disease‐related knowledge¶ | |||||
| Wait‐list control only | 2 | 30.0¶¶∥∥* * | 14.6–45.3 | 8.5±6.3 | |
| Exercise only after 6 mo | 8 | 46.7††‡‡ | 39.0–54.4 | −2.0±8.2 | |
| CCR after 6 mo | 6 | 63.7¶¶‡‡ | 54.7–72.7 | 6.6±14.4 | |
| Exercise only | 16 | 54.1* *# | 48.7–59.6 | 1.4±10.2 | |
| CCR | 19 | 66.5∥∥††# | 57.4–67.6 | 0.1±7.2 | |
| Total (SD)∥ | 51 | 56.3 | (14.6) | <0.001 | 1.3±3.0 |
| Health behaviors | |||||
| Exercise, weekly mean steps | |||||
| Wait‐list control only | 3 | 27 572.7 | 3120.3–58 265.8 | −32 277.5±10 750.1 | |
| Exercise only after 6 mo | 7 | 28 849.8 | 8268.9–49 430.7 | 12 367.8±13 458.4§ | |
| CCR after 6 mo | 7 | 53 941.2 | 33 523.7–74 358.6 | 25 758.8±53 213.6 | |
| Exercise only | 16 | 49 920.5 | 36 285.8–63 555.2 | 5282.3±30 769.6 | |
| CCR | 18 | 36 844.6 | 23 867.1–49 822.0 | 5127.8±21 742.7 | |
| Total (SD)∥ | 51 | 41 650.7 | (28 913.8) | 0.25## | 7485.3±5421.3 |
| Diet*** | |||||
| Wait‐list control only | 3 | 4.4 | −4.2 to 13.1 | −3.0±5.5 | |
| Exercise only after 6 mo | 8 | 5.3 | −0.2 to 10.9 | −2.3±5.5 | |
| CCR after 6 mo | 7 | 4.6 | −1.2 to 10.3 | 0.8±3.8 | |
| Exercise only | 14 | 7.5 | 3.4–11.6 | 0.2±7.2 | |
| CCR | 17 | 5.1 | 1.3–8.9 | −2.4±7.3 | |
| Total (SD)∥ | 49 | 5.8 | (7.3) | 0.88 | −1.2±1.4 |
| Smoking status (n, % current)††† | |||||
| Wait‐list control only | 6 | 1 | 16.7 | 0 | |
| Exercise only after 6 mo | 9 | 3 | 33.3 | 1 | |
| CCR after 6 mo | 7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | |
| Exercise only | 16 | 3 | 18.8 | −1 | |
| CCR | 19 | 1 | 5.3 | 1 | |
| Total (SD)∥ | 57 | 8 | (14.0) | 0.15 | 1 |
BMI indicates body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CCR, comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation; ISWT, incremental shuttle walk test; MD, mean difference; SD, standard deviation; PHQ‐9, Patient Health Questionnaire 9; WC, waist circumference.
Except the wait‐list control arms who elected either cardiac rehabilitation are shown as treated, because program adherence data were not available.
Adjusted for sex, education, marital status, and sleep apnea.
Differences by condition at 12 months. ANCOVA adjusted for sex, education, marital status, and sleep apnea.
A t test comparing 6 to 12 months, P<0.05 (note that for the pedometer, Wilcoxon tests were performed).
Unadjusted values.
Scores on the Coronary Artery Disease Questionnaire range from 0 to 93, with higher scores indicating better knowledge.
Least significant difference post hoc tests from ANCOVA: # P<0.05; ** ††‡‡ P<0.01; §§∥∥¶¶ P<0.001.
Kruskal–Wallis test also performed, as not normally distributed: P>0.05.
Scores on the Food Frequency Questionnaire range from −36 to +47, with higher scores indicating better diet.
Fisher exact test.