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. 2019 Feb 15;8(4):e010647. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.010647

Table 1.

Participant Characteristics

Variable Normotensive (n=73) GDM (n=21) Late‐Onset PE (n=29) Early Onset PE (n=14) P Value
Age, y, mean±SD 29.8±4.5 30.3±4.2 28.9±4.8 29.6±5.7 0.740
Race (% white) 66 (93.0) 20 (95.2) 26 (92.9) 14 (100.0) 0.763
Gravidity, median (IQR) 2 (1–2) 2 (1–4) 2 (1–3) 1 (0–1) 0.589
Parity, n (%)
0 43 (58.9) 11 (52.4) 19 (65.5) 7 (50.0) 0.722
≥1 30 (41.1) 10 (47.6) 10 (34.5) 7 (50.0)
At GlycoCheck test
Gestational age, wk, median (IQR) 39 (35–41)a 39 (37–39) 38 (37–39) 31 (30–33) <0.001
Systolic BP, mm Hg, mean±SD 111±12 118±17 141±13 141±13 <0.001
Diastolic BP, mm Hg, mean±SD 67±9 73±14 83±11 88±13 <0.001
Proteinuria, median (IQR)b NA NA 710 (460–1530) 660 (544–1543)
At delivery
Gestational age, wk, median (IQR) 41 (40–41) 39 (38–40) 38 (37–39) 33 (31–34) <0.001
Preeclampsia with severe features, n (%) NA NA 18 (62) 11 (100) <0.001
Superimposed preeclampsia, n (%) NA NA 5 (17.2) 3 (21.4) 0.741
Delivery type
Vaginal, n (%) 61 (83.6) 18 (85.7) 18 (62.1) 5 (35.7) <0.001
Cesarean section, n (%) 12 (16.4) 3 (14.3) 11 (37.9) 5 (64.3)
Systolic BP, mm Hg, mean±SD 121±10 125±12 145±17 147±15 <0.001
Diastolic BP, mm Hg, mean±SD 76±9 77±12 93±8 84±12 <0.001
Fetal sex, n (% male) 42 (57.5) 10 (47.6) 13 (44.8) 5 (35.7) 0.377
Birth weight, g, mean±SD 3643±474 3281±519 3083±618 1699±809 <0.001
Apgar, 1 min, median (IQR) 8 (8–9) 9 (8–9) 7 (7–8) 6 (4–7) <0.001
Apgar, 5 min, median (IQR) 9 (9–9) 9 (9–9) 9 (8–9) 8 (8–9) <0.001

Normally distributed numerical data (mean±SD) were analyzed with 1‐way ANOVA and the least significant differences post hoc test. Numerical data that are not normally distributed (median [IQR]) were analyzed with a Kruskal–Wallis test and a Mann–Whitney post hoc test. Categorical data (n [%]) were analyzed with a χ2 test. BP indicates blood pressure; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not assessed; PE, preeclampsia.

a

Seventeen women completed glycocalyx testing between 27 and 34 weeks of gestation.

b

Twenty‐four–hour proteinuria was measured (early, n=8; late, n=9), or estimated from the protein creatinine ratio (early, n=5; late, n=20) or the protein osmolality ratio (early, n=1).