Table 6.
Cox Proportional Hazard Models—Association of PTSD and Incident CVD, Controlling for Individual, Specific Covariates (n=4178)
| Covariates in model | PTSD vs No PTSD HR (95% CI) | P Value |
|---|---|---|
| Age‐adjusted | 1.41 (1.21–1.63) | <0.0001 |
| Age+T2DM | 1.37 (1.18–1.59) | <0.0001 |
| Age+obese | 1.34 (1.15–1.56) | 0.0001 |
| Age+hypertension | 1.28 (1.10–1.49) | 0.001 |
| Age+hyperlipidemia | 1.34 (1.15–1.56) | 0.0001 |
| Age+smoke | 1.39 (1.19–1.61) | <0.0001 |
| Age+SUD | 1.28 (1.10–1.50) | 0.002 |
| Age+sleep disorder | 1.25 (1.07–1.46) | 0.005 |
| Age+other anxiety | 1.32 (1.13–1.54) | 0.0004 |
| Age+depression | 1.20 (1.01–1.43) | 0.042 |
| Age+sex | 1.40 (1.21–1.62) | <0.0001 |
| Age+race | 1.34 (1.16–1.56) | 0.0001 |
| Age+marital status | 1.35 (1.16–1.57) | <0.0001 |
| Age+VHA insurance | 1.40 (1.21–1.62) | <0.0001 |
| Age+primary HCU | 1.20 (1.03–1.40) | 0.020 |
CVD indicates cardiovascular disease; HCU, healthcare utilization; HR, hazard ratio; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; SUD, substance abuse/dependence; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; VHA, Veterans Health Affairs.