Table 1.

Physical symptoms and their treatment stratified by the four-cluster model.

Symptom	Organic conditions	Stress exacerbated diseases	Functional somatic syndromes	Conversion disorder
Headaches	Secondary headaches e.g., meningitis, tumor	Migraine	Tension type headache	•
Dyspnea	Pneumonia	Asthma	Panic attack	•
Loss of consciousness	Epilepsy	Syncope	Panic attack with dissociation	Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
Movement disorders	Parkinson's disease	Essential tremor	Tic disorder	Functional neurological syndromes
Abdominal pain	Colon cancer	Inflammatory Bowel Disease	Irritable bowel syndrome	Idiopathic abdominal pain
Chest pain	Myocardial infarction	Angina pectoris	Non-cardiac chest pain	•
Back pain	Radiculopathy		Chronic low back pain	•
Medical treatment	Standard care	Standard care	Neuro-modulatory, such as anti-depressants, anti-epileptics; no opiates, no invasive procedures	Not helpful
Psychological treatment	Coping with illness, enhancing adherence	Mind-body techniques (hypnosis, meditation, biofeedback) for stress reduction	Psycho-education, cognitive behavioral therapy, (hypnosis, meditation, biofeedback)	Psychodynamic Psychotherapy, hypnoanalysis (ego state therapy)

^•Conversion Disorders can have many different manifestations including pain, as explained in the Discussion section of this article. However, since there are not necessarily separate criteria for classifying Conversion Disorder, we left some of these categories empty.