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. 2019 Mar 7;9:3849. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40474-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Paired associative stimulation protocol. (A) The single TMS pulse, delivered once every 5 s, is synchronized at the spinal level with the first pulse of the PNS train, which consists of 6 pulses delivered at 25, 50, or 100 Hz. (B) Five selected sites in the M1 in Experiment 2 in a representative subject. The hotspot of the target muscle (AH) is in the center; four surrounding sites placed equidistant from the central site form a square and represent suboptimal sites of the target muscle. (C) PAS setup.