Table 3.
Lifetime treatment history of medication use for mental health.
| Medication | Healthy Controls | Stage 0 | Stage 1a | Stage 1b | P value (including all 4 groups)b | P value (including 3 at-risk groups)b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lifetime medication use | n = 42 | n = 41 | n = 52 | n = 108 | ||
| No | 39 (92.9%) | 33 (80.5%) | 30 (57.7%) | 50 (46.3%) | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Yes | 3 (7.1%) | 8 (19.5%) | 22 (42.3%) | 58 (53.7%) | ||
| Types of medicationsa | ||||||
| Antidepressants | 1 (33.3%) | 3 (16.7%) | 15 (44.1%) | 40 (40.4%) | ||
| Antipsychotics | 0 | 3 (16.7%) | 4 (11.8%) | 15 (15.2%) | ||
| Anxiolytics | 1 (33.3%) | 0 | 1 (2.9%) | 7 (7.1%) | ||
| Mood stabilizers | 0 | 2 (11.1%) | 0 | 3 (3.0%) | ||
| Stimulants (ADHD) | 1 (33.3%) | 5 (27.8%) | 11 (32.4%) | 26 (26.3%) | ||
| Non-stimulants (ADHD) | 0 | 5 (27.8%) | 3 (8.8%) | 8 (8.1%) | ||
| Medication use in childhood (medication start date: 0 to 12 y) | n = 42 | n = 41 | n = 51 | n = 107 | ||
| No | 41 (97.6%) | 35 (85.4%) | 47 (90.4%) | 95 (88.8%) | 0.273 | 0.734 |
| Yes | 1 (2.4%) | 6 (14.6%) | 5 (9.6%) | 12 (11.2%) | ||
| Type of medicationsa | ||||||
| Antidepressants | 0 | 2 (18.2%) | 1 (20.0%) | 0 | ||
| Antipsychotics | 0 | 1 (9.1%) | 0 | 1 (9.1%) | ||
| Anxiolytics | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Mood stabilizers | 0 | 1 (9.1%) | 0 | 0 | ||
| Stimulants (ADHD) | 1 100.0%) | 4 (36.4%) | 4 (80.0%) | 9 (81.8%) | ||
| Non-stimulants (ADHD) | 0 | 3 (27.3%) | 0 | 1 (9.1%) | ||
| Medication use in adolescence (medication start date: 13 to 17 y) | n = 42 | n = 41 | n = 52 | n = 108 | ||
| No | 41 (97.6%) | 36 (87.8%) | 38 (73.1%) | 68 (63.0%) | <0.001 | 0.019 |
| Yes | 1 (2.4%) | 5 (12.2%) | 14 (26.9%) | 40 (37.0%) | ||
| Type of medicationsa | ||||||
| Antidepressants | 1 (100.0%) | 1 (16.7%) | 8 (40.0%) | 27 (47.4%) | ||
| Antipsychotics | 0 | 1 (16.7%) | 3 (15.0%) | 7 (12.3%) | ||
| Anxiolytics | 0 | 0 | 1 (5.0%) | 2 (3.5%) | ||
| Mood stabilizers | 0 | 1 (16.7%) | 0 | 2 (3.5%) | ||
| Stimulants (ADHD) | 0 | 1 (16.7%) | 6 (30.0%) | 13 (22.8%) | ||
| Non-stimulants (ADHD) | 0 | 2 (33.3%) | 2 (10.0%) | 6 (10.5%) | ||
| Medication use in adulthood (medication start date: 18+ y) | n = 28 | n = 21 | n = 28 | n = 36 | ||
| No | 27 (96.4%) | 19 (90.5%) | 19 (67.9%) | 18 (50.0%) | <0.001 | 0.018 |
| Yes | 1 (3.6%) | 2 (9.5%) | 9 (32.1%) | 18 (50.0%) | ||
| Type of medicationsa | ||||||
| Antidepressants | 0 | 0 | 6 (66.7%) | 13 (43.3%) | ||
| Antipsychotics | 0 | 2 (100.0%) | 1 (11.1%) | 6 (20.0%) | ||
| Anxiolytics | 1 (100.0%) | 0 | 0 | 5 (16.7%) | ||
| Mood stabilizers | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (3.3%) | ||
| Stimulants (ADHD) | 0 | 0 | 1 (11.1%) | 4 (13.3%) | ||
| Non-stimulants (ADHD) | 0 | 0 | 1 (11.1%) | 1 (3.3%) |
Values presented as: n (%).
a Specific types of medications are not mutually exclusive, therefore, some participants may have multiple medications.
bχ2 tests for dichotomous outcomes.