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. 2019 Mar 7;9:3791. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40535-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schemes of the simple model and complex model. Schemes of the simple model and complex model are illustrated using RFs and actual responses of neuron E. (a) The simple model is a linear predictive model, which predicts the neuronal response as the normalised dot product between the stimulus image and one RF image (RF 4). (b) The complex model predicts the neuronal response as the maximum of the normalised dot products of the stimulus image and several RF images (RF 1–4). Note that the complex model predicted the neuronal response to Stim 2 better than the simple model for this neuron.