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. 2019 Mar 7;9:3832. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40069-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Typical phase diagrams of the change in droplets subject to different temperatures over the heater at the downstream channel (a) in the absence of surfactant to the carrier phase and (b) in the presence of SPAN20 surfactant. The flow rates of the light mineral oil and D.I. water for (a,b) cases are Q_c = 500 μl/h and Q_d = 100 μl/h, respectively. The frames are taken at 15.4 frames per second (fps).