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. 2019 Mar 7;9:3832. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40069-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The 3D simulation results of the droplet behavior in response to external thermal stimulation. (a) The effective diameter of droplets increases as it passes over the high temperature zone along the flow direction. The size of droplets #3 and #4 in Fig. 8a appears larger in 2D illustration than the actual size due to the thermocapillary effect, however the actual 3D droplet volume and its gradual increase to the temperature gradient over the heater is shown in Figs S4, S5. (b) The temperature distribution along with the flow direction indicates the pattern of high temperature zone. (c) The velocity profiles illustrating the vortices in the transient condition between the cold and hot zones. (d) The images of droplets from both simulations and experiments i) before applying heat at 25 °C and ii) after heating to 60 °C (flow rate ratio = 0.2).