Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with schizophrenia and healthy individuals.
| Controls (N = 44) | Non-clozapine antipsychotics (N = 69) | Clozapine (N = 42) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year, mean (SD) | 40.2 (8.6) | 41.8 (10.4) | 41.1 (8.1) | 0.682 |
| Education, year, mean (SD) | 15.5 (1.5) | 10.6 (3.0) | 11.3 (2.9) | <0.001‡ |
| Body weight, Kg, mean (SD) | 60.2 (11.3) | 70.9 (12.0) | 70.3 (11.7) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 22.6 (3.0) | 26.2 (4.2) | 26.3 (3.9) | <0.001‡ |
| Waist circumstance, cm, mean (SD) | 71.3 (7.2) | 94.6 (10.6) | 94.6 (9.3) | <0.001‡ |
| Hip circumstance, cm, mean (SD) | 96.5 (2.8) | 104.0 (8.8) | 103.9 (8.2) | <0.001‡ |
| Illness duration, month, mean (SD) | — | 205.6 (111.3) | 246.4 (95.9) | 0.053‡ |
| Duration of antipsychotic treatment, day mean (SD) | — | 2832.3 (2518.0) | 3435.6 (3134.4) | 0.268‡ |
| Chlorpromazine equivalence dose, mg/day, mean (SD)※ | — | 586.6 (454.5) | 420.5 (173.8) | 0.026‡ |
| PANSS total score, mean (SD) | — | 92.3 (14.4) | 83.5 (14.5) | 0.002 |
| PANSS positive-subscale score | — | 20.3 (4.8) | 18.3 (3.9) | 0.055 |
| PANSS negative-subscale score | — | 23.6 (3.6) | 21.9 (4.4) | 0.024 |
| PANSS general-psychopathology score | — | 48.5 (7.8) | 43.4 (8.3) | 0.002 |
| Global Assessment of Functioning score, mean (SD) | — | 41.9 (11.2) | 44.4 (10.1) | 0.096 |
| Calcium, mg/dl, mean (SD) | 9.1 (0.4) | 9.0 (0.4) | 9.0 (0.3) | 0.409‡ |
| Alkaline phosphatase, U/L, mean (SD) | 50.6 (14.4) | 66.0 (17.9) | 69.4 (23.2) | <0.001‡ |
| TSH, mIU/L, mean (SD) | 1.7 (1.1) | 1.5 (0.8) | 2.9 (10.5) | 0.011‡ |
| T3, ng/dl, mean (SD) | 94.5 (14.5) | 96.9 (21.8) | 98.8 (35.5) | 0.846‡ |
| Cortisol, μg/dl, mean (SD) | 10.8 (4.6) | 11.9 (4.1) | 11.7 (4.4) | 0.302‡ |
| Estradiol, ng/ml, mean (SD) | 83.9 (73.4) | 38.4 (34.6) | 45.4 (39.9) | <0.001‡ |
| Testosterone, ng/ml, mean (SD) | 1.5 (1.9) | 2.5 (2.8) | 2.6 (2.1) | 0.015‡ |
| Prolactin, ng/ml, mean (SD) | 11.5 (7.0) | 31.3 (26.9) | 11.3 (7.6) | <0.001‡ |
| Baseline DEXA T score, mean (SD) | 0.0 (1.2) | −0.6 (1.1) | 0.2 (1.5) | 0.003 |
| Baseline DEXA Z score, mean (SD) | 0.3 (1.1) | −0.3 (1.1) | 0.4 (1.5) | 0.008 |
| Gender, female, n (%) | 31 (70.5) | 29 (42.0) | 17 (40.5) | 0.004† |
| Concomitant all mood stabilizers◎ | — | 13 (18.8) | 9 (21.4) | 0.807‡ |
| Concomitant lithium treatment | — | 6 (8.7) | 5 (11.9) | 0.744‡ |
| Concomitant valproate treatment | — | 7 (10.1) | 5 (11.9) | 0.761‡ |
| Concomitant carbamazepine treatment | — | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.4) | 0.375‡ |
| Hyperprolactinemia, n (%) | 4 (9.1) | 40 (58.0) | 4 (9.3) | <0.001† |
| Low bone mineral density using DEXA T score (LBMDT)§ | 8 (18.2) | 25 (36.2) | 8 (19.0) | 0.054† |
| Low bone mineral density using DEXA Z score (LBMDZ)* | 4 (9.1) | 35 (50.7) | 11 (26.2) | <0.001† |
Abbreviations: PR, prolactin-raising; PS, prolactin-sparing; PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.
§LBMDT was defined as DEXA T score ≤ –1.
*LBMDZ was defined as DEXA Z score ≤ –1.
◎Mood stabilizers included valproate, carbamazepine and lithium.
‡Mann-Whitney U test, for variables with non-normal distributions.
‡Fisher’s exact test.
†Chi square test.
※Gardner DM, Murphy AL, O’Donnell H, Centorrino F, Baldessarini RJ International consensus study of antipsychotic dosing. The American journal of psychiatry 167: 686-93.