Table 1.
Epigenetic modulated targets by phytochemicals in cancer.
| Phytochemical group | Compound | Natural source | Epigenetic modulation | Gene targets | Biological effects | Cancer type | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phenolic acids | Hydroxybenzoic acid: gallic acid Hydroxycinnamic acid: Caffeic acid, curcumin | Red fruit, onions, black radish, cereals, sage, oregano | DNMT1, DNMT3b, DNMT3a, HDAC1, HDAC4, HDAC7 | RASSF1A, RARβ, DLC1, p15INK4b, Nrf2 | Chemoprevention, cell growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis | Breast, lung, leukemia, prostate | Du et al., 2012; Yu et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2017; Li et al., 2018 |
| Flavonoids | Flavonols: Quercetin, kaempferol Flavones: Apigenin, luteolin Isoflavones: Genistein, daidzein Flavanones: Naringenin, hesperetin Flavanols: Catechins (EGCG) Anthocyanins: Cyanidin, malvidin Chalcones: Phloretin, phlorizin | Onions, apple, red wine, blueberry, cherry, orange, pistachio, strawberry, citrus species | DNMT3b, HDAC1, DNMT3a DNMT1 | AKT, ERK-MSK1, CD1, p53, TIMP-2, RECK, BMI1/c-MYC, BTG3, E2, GSTP1, WNT5a, EPHB2, RARβ, BRCA1, BRCA2 CDH1, DAPK1, MGMT, hTERT p16INK4a, hMLH1, Cip/p21, TFPI-2, ERα hTERT, Bcl-2 E6, E7 | Invasion inhibition, angiogenesis decreased cell cycle arrest, cell proliferation inhibition, therapeutic cell growth inhibition, chemoprevention apoptosis | Buccal pouch tumor, colon, hepatocellular esophageal, skin, bladder, breast, prostate, cervical | Fang et al., 2003, 2005; Berletch et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2008; Majid et al., 2008, 2010; Tan et al., 2009; Li et al., 2010, 2013; Vardi et al., 2010; Wang and Chen, 2010; Adjakly et al., 2011, 2014; Kanwal et al., 2011; Meeran et al., 2011; Nandakumar et al., 2011; Priyadarsini et al., 2011; Bosviel et al., 2012; Gupta et al., 2012; Henning et al., 2012; Pandey et al., 2012; Bishayee et al., 2015; Mahmoud et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2016; Natarajan et al., 2016; Feng et al., 2017; Meng et al., 2017; Tseng et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2012 |
| Stilbenes | Resveratrol | Red wine, black berry, peanuts, grape skin | DNMT, HDAC | RASSF1A, p16, APC, CCND2, AURKA, MMP9, IL8, AMY2A, MTA1, SIRT1, γ-H2AX, hTERT, BCRA-1, MDR1 | Chemopreventive, apoptosis | Breast, prostate | Kai et al., 2010; Papoutsis et al., 2010; Zhu et al., 2012; Zadi Heydarabad et al., 2018; Kala et al., 2015; Medina-Aguilar et al., 2016 |
| Lignans | Secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, arctigenin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) | Tea, coffee, unrefined cereals | HDACs | Bcl2, p16INK4a | Apoptosis, cell cycle arrest | Breast | Cui et al., 2008; Hsieh et al., 2014 |
| Tannins | Gallotannins ellagitannins | Black raspberries | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| Organosulfur compounds | Sulforaphane isothiocyanates | Cauliflower, brussels sprouts, cabbage, broccoli | DNMT1 DNMT3a, DNMT3b, HDACs 1, 4, 5, and 7 | Nrf2, cyclin D2, hTERT, TGFBR1, CCR4, p21WAF1 | Chemopreventive, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, cell growth inhibition | Prostate, breast, colon | Meeran et al., 2010; Clarke et al., 2011; Hsu et al., 2011; Rajendran et al., 2011; Zhang Y. et al., 2013; Wong et al., 2014 |