Table 1. Characteristics of the study population based on transport time interval.
| Characteristics | Transport time interval | P value | P for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1–5 min (n = 23,043) | 6–10 min (n = 20,985) | > 10 min (n = 13,794) | ||||
| Age, yr, mean (SD) | 69.3 (15.3) | 70.0 (15.2) | 71.0 (14.7) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Men, No. (%) | 14,602 (63.4) | 12,968 (61.8) | 8,674 (62.9) | 0.003 | 0.151 | |
| Past medical history | ||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 4,933 (21.4) | 4,538 (21.6) | 2,634 (19.1) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Hypertension | 7,330 (31.8) | 6,844 (32.6) | 4,063 (29.5) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Heart disease | 3,180 (13.8) | 2,957 (14.1) | 1,804 (13.1) | 0.025 | 0.102 | |
| Stroke | 2,008 (8.7) | 1,967 (9.4) | 1,214 (8.8) | 0.039 | 0.503 | |
| Medical aid, No. (%) | 2,050 (8.9) | 1,846 (8.8) | 1,141 (8.3) | 0.103 | 0.051 | |
| Community urbanization, No. (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Metropolitan | 11,367 (49.3) | 10,151 (48.4) | 3,336 (24.2) | |||
| Initial ECG, No. (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001a | ||||
| Asystole | 17,558 (76.2) | 16,098 (76.7) | 11,042 (80.0) | |||
| PEA | 2,502 (10.9) | 2,337 (11.1) | 1,123 (8.1) | |||
| Shockable rhythm | 2,983 (12.9) | 2,550 (12.2) | 1,629 (11.8) | |||
| Circumstance of arrest, No. (%) | ||||||
| Public location | 4,127 (17.9) | 3,128 (14.9) | 2,189 (15.9) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Witnessed | 9,589 (41.6) | 9,027 (43.0) | 5,926 (43.0) | 0.004 | 0.006 | |
| Bystander CPR | 10,790 (46.8) | 9,980 (47.6) | 6,436 (46.7) | 0.175 | 0.981 | |
| Prehospital management, No. (%) | ||||||
| Defibrillation | 4,218 (18.3) | 4,068 (19.4) | 2,937 (21.3) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Advanced airway management | 3,272 (14.2) | 3,145 (15.0) | 1,722 (12.5) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Mechanical CPR | 83 (0.4) | 93 (0.4) | 73 (0.5) | 0.053 | 0.015 | |
| Elapsed time, median (IQR), min | ||||||
| EMS response time | 6.0 (5.0–8.0) | 7.0 (5.0–10.0) | 9.0 (6.0–14.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Scene time | 9.0 (6.0–12.0) | 9.0 (6.0–12.0) | 8.0 (5.0–11.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Transport time | 4.0 (3.0–5.0) | 8.0 (6.0–9.0) | 15.0 (12.0–19.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Volume of centre, No. (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| High volume (≥ 40 cases) | 16,352 (71.0) | 15,917 (75.8) | 9,322 (67.6) | |||
| Post resuscitation care, No. (%) | ||||||
| Reperfusion | 319 (1.4) | 241 (1.1) | 85 (0.6) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Hypothermia | 533 (2.3) | 500 (2.4) | 182 (1.3) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| ECMO | 196 (0.9) | 158 (0.8) | 58 (0.4) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Outcome, No. (%) | ||||||
| Survival to discharge | 792 (3.4) | 508 (2.4) | 183 (1.3) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Good neurological recovery | 232 (1.0) | 124 (0.6) | 42 (0.3) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
SD = standard deviation, ECG = electrocardiogram, PEA = Pulseless electrical activity, CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation, IQR = interquartile range, EMS = emergency medical service, ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
aTo calculate the p for trend, the initial ECG category was collapsed into shockable vs. non-shockable.