Table 1.
Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in groups of overweight and obese children by region and vitamin D sufficiency or insufficiency.
| Vitamin D insufficiency level | Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency among overweight/obese children | Reference number | |
|---|---|---|---|
| AMERICA | |||
| Canada | <50 nmol/L (<20 ng/mL) |
5.6% (77.0%–consumption of vitamin D-fortified milk) |
(85) |
| Canada | <75 nmol/L (<30 ng/mL) |
93.0% | (86) |
| Canada | <75 nmol/L (<30 ng/mL) |
76.0% | (87) |
| Mexico | <75 nmol/L (<30 ng/mL) |
36.0% | (88) |
| USA, New York | <50 nmol/L (<20 ng/mL) |
55.0% | (89) |
| USA, Brooklyn | <50 nmol/L (<20 ng/mL) |
55.2% | (90) |
| USA, Alabama | <50 nmol/L (<20 ng/mL) |
78.4% | (91) |
| USA, Pennsylvania | <75 nmol/L (<30 ng/mL) |
27.8% (5–9 years) 35.4% (10–14 years) 50.9% (↑ 15 years) |
(92) |
| USA, Wisconsin | <50 nmol/L (<20 ng/mL) |
32.3% | (93) |
| AFRICA | |||
| Ethiopia | <50 nmol/L (<20 ng/mL) |
42.0% | (94) |
| EUROPE | |||
| Denmark |
Deficiency <30 nmol/L (<12 ng/mL) |
16.5% | (95) |
| Germany | <75 nmol/L (<30 ng/mL) |
96.0% | (5) |
| Greece | <50 nmol/L (<20 ng/mL) |
obesity−60.5% overweight−51.6 |
(96) |
| Norway | <75 nmol/L (<30 ng/mL) |
50.0% | (97) |
| Spain | <75 nmol/L (<30 ng/mL) |
morbid obesity−81.1% obesity−68.2% overweight−55.0% |
(98) |
| Sweden | <50 nmol/L (<20 ng/mL) |
33.2% | (99) |
| The Netherlands | <50 nmol/L (<20 ng/mL) |
24.5% | (100) |
| The Russian Federation, Arkhangelsk | <75 nmol/L (<30 ng/mL) |
90.0% | (101) |
| The Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg | <75 nmol/L (<30 ng/mL) |
92.0% | (102) |
| ASIA | |||
| Iran | <75 nmol/L (<30 ng/mL) |
95.6% | (103) |
| Malaysia | <50 nmol/L (<20 ng/mL) |
obesity−19.2% overweight−17.4% |
(104) |
| Turkey | 25–50 nmol/L (<20 ng/mL) |
23.0% | (105) |
| China | <75 nmol/L (<30 ng/mL) |
48,6% | (106) |