Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the enrolled patients
| Characteristic | Endoscopic hemostasis group (n = 329) | Nonendoscopic hemostasis group (n = 284) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 57.1 ± 13.5 | 55.0 ± 17.0 | 0.103 |
| Male sex | 265 (81) | 215 (76) | 0.147 |
| Comorbidity | |||
| Liver cirrhosis | 126 (38) | 58 (20) | < 0.0001 |
| Cancer | 37 (11) | 15 (5) | 0.008 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 26 (8) | 22 (8) | 0.943 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 27 (8) | 19 (7) | 0.177 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 18 (6) | 14 (5) | 0.764 |
| Congestive heart failure | 7 (2) | 5 (2) | 0.744 |
| History of peptic ulcer | 54 (16) | 45 (16) | 0.849 |
| Medication history | |||
| Aspirin | 57 (17) | 51 (18) | 0.838 |
| NSAID | 31 (9) | 28 (10) | 0.855 |
| Antiplatelet | 20 (6) | 26 (9) | 0.149 |
| Warfarin | 14 (4) | 13 (5) | 0.846 |
| Presentation | |||
| Melena | 221 (67) | 203 (72) | 0.250 |
| Hematemesis | 197 (60) | 134 (47) | 0.002 |
| Dizziness | 110 (33) | 87 (31) | 0.459 |
| Epigastric pain | 44 (13) | 43 (15) | 0.532 |
| Hematochezia | 32 (10) | 20 (7) | 0.234 |
| Syncope or presyncope | 14 (4) | 4 (1) | 0.037 |
| Rectal examination | 200 | 185 | |
| Gross blood | 166 (83) | 147 (79) | 0.373 |
| NGL | 204 | 206 | |
| Bloody | 126 (61.7) | 40 (19.4) | < 0.0001 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 101.5 ± 25.6 | 110.8 ± 22.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 61.7 ± 21.2 | 69.7 ± 15.9 | < 0.0001 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 94.3 ± 21.3 | 92.0 ± 18.9 | 0.152 |
| Hemoglobin at presentation, g/dL | 8.9 ± 2.7 | 9.9 ± 3.2 | < 0.0001 |
| Platelet count, × 103/μL | 190.0 ± 103.4 | 240.2 ± 126.8 | < 0.0001 |
| INR | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 0.019 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 37.0 ± 23.1 | 33.1 ± 23.4 | 0.037 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.5 ± 1.7 | 1.3 ± 1.5 | 0.189 |
| Timing, hr | 2.33 (0.3–67) | 3.00 (0.2–96) | 0.010 |
| Bleeding cause | |||
| Varix | 138 (42) | 44 (16) | < 0.0001 |
| Gastric ulcer | 111 (34) | 111 (39) | 0.170 |
| Duodenal ulcer | 47 (14) | 52 (18) | 0.177 |
| Mallory-Weiss | 22 (7) | 36 (13) | 0.180 |
| Others | 11 (3) | 41 (14) | 0.120 |
Values are presented as mean ± SD, number (%), or mean (range).
NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; NGL, nasogastric lavage; BP, blood pressure; INR, international normalized ratio; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.