Figure 2.

Mechanisms of actin and microtubule regulation and coordination by formins.

Formins are proposed to have direct and indirect actions on actin filaments and microtubules. 1. Actin nucleation and elongation by formins occurs by processive capping of linear actin filaments. 2. Formins also bundle actin filaments together and 3 align them with microtubules. 4, 5. Formins can bind to and stabilise microtubules directly or via interaction with capping proteins including EB1. 6. Like for actin filaments, microtubules can also be brought in close proximity to each other by bundling regulated by formins. Figure adapted from (69,70).