Table 1.
Immunity control and molecular mechanism of autophagy modulating compounds.
| Compounds | Mechanism of Inducing Autophagy (Activation/Inhibition) | Related Immunity Model | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Spermine | Increase ATG5 expression (Autophagy activation) | Liver inflammation | [68] |
| Spermidine | Unknown (Autophagy activation) | CD8(+) T cell response | [72] |
| Resveratrol | Increase SIRT3 expression & phosphorylation of AMPK (Autophagy activation) | Macrophage reactive oxygen species | [87] |
| Increase SIRT3 expression & increase Beclin-1 expression (Autophagy activation) | Splenocyte viability | [88] | |
| Increase AMPK phosphorylation (Autophagy activation) | Peritoneal inflammatory injury | [89] | |
| Activation of cAMP-PRKA-AMPK-SIRT1 pathway (Autophagy activation) | Atherosclerosis | [90] | |
| Artesunate | Inhibit TRAF6-Beclin 1-PI3KC3 (Autophagy inhibition) | Inflammation in peritoneal macrophages | [103] |
| Trehalose | Increase ATG5 expression (Autophagy activation) | Human rhinovirus infection (increase) | [114] |
| Unknown (Autophagy activation) | Human cytomegalovirus infection (decrease) | [113] | |
| Unknown (Autophagy activation) | Colitis | [122] | |
| Vitamin D3 (1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) | Increase Beclin 1 & ATG5 expression (Autophagy activation) | Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection | [129] |
| Baicalin | Suppress PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway (Autophagy activation) | Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection | [137] |
| Ginsenosides Rb1 | Increase Beclin 1 expression (Autophagy activation) | Atherosclerosis | [147] |
| Protopanaxadiol | Unknown (Autophagy activation) | NK cell cytotoxicity in eESCs | [149] |
| Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) | Increase phosphorylation of AMPK (Autophagy activation) | Hepatosteastosis | [159] |
| Increase Beclin 1 (Autophagy activation) | Protection against Human herpesvirus 8 | [160] | |
| Inhibit IL-6/JAKs/STAT3/BNIP3 pathway (Autophagy inhibition) | Liver injury | [161] | |
| Rapamycin | Inhibit mTORC1 (Autophagy activation) | Coronavirus infection (decrease) | [163,164] |
| Inhibit mTORC1 (Autophagy activation) | Respiratory syncytial virus & duck enteritis virus infection (increase) | [149,166] | |
| Inhibit mTORC1 (Autophagy activation) | Lupus nephritis | [167,169] | |
| Inhibit mTORC1 (Autophagy activation) | Acute lung injury | [170] |