Table 1.

Therapeutic reagents modulating autophagy in anti-HCC treatment.

Reagents	Autophagy Target	Cells Treated	Result	Ref.
Sirolimus (Rapamycin)	mTOR	HepG2	Upregulation of autophagy-cell death	[117,118]
Temsirolimus (CCI-779)	mTOR	HepG2, Huh7	Upregulation of autophagy-cell death	[119]
Everolimus (RAD001)	mTOR	Hep3B, HepG2, Huh7	Upregulation of autophagy-cell death	[120]
Pemetrexed	mTORC1	HepG2	Upregulation of autophagy-cell death	[121]
SC-59	mTORC1	PLC5, Sk-Hep1, HepG2 and Hep3B	Upregulation of autophagy-cell death	[122,123]
BEZ235	PI3K/mTOR	Hep3B, PLC/PRF/5	Upregulation of autophagy-cell death	[124]
MK-2206	AKT	SNU449, SNU378, SNU475	Upregulation of autophagy-cell death	[125]
SB203580	MAPK	HepG2, Hep3B, PLC/PRF/5, Huh-7	Upregulation of autophagy-cell death	[126]
Regorafenib	Tyrosine-kinase inhibitor	HepG2 and Hep3B	Upregulation of autophagy-cell death	[127]
Sorafenib	Tyrosine-kinase inhibitor	Hep3B, HepG2, Huh7	Upregulation of autophagy-cell death	[105,112]
Nilotinib	Tyrosine kinase inhibitor	PLC5, Huh-7, Hep3B	Upregulation of autophagy-cell death	[128]
ABT-737	JNK pathway	Huh7, HepG2	Upregulation of autophagy-cell death	[129]
OSU-03012	PDK1/AKT	Huh7, Hep3B, and HepG2	Upregulation of autophagy-cell death	[130]
5-FU	Induce ER stress	HepG2, SMMC-7721, Hep3B, BEL-7402	Upregulation of autophagy-cell survival	[114]
Bortezomib	Proteasome inhibitor	Huh7, HepG2, HuH7, human hepatocytes, rat hepatocytes	Upregulation of autophagy-cell death	[131]
Chloroquine	Lysosome	HepG2, Huh7, HA22T/VGH, Mahlavu	Downregulation of autophagy-cell death	[132,133]
3-MA	PI3K III	H22, HepG2, PLC/PRF/5, SMMC7721	Downregulation of autophagy-cell death and cell survival	[134,135]
Bafilomycin A1	Lysosome	BEL7402, HepG2, Huh7, SMMC-7721	Downregulation of autophagy-cell death	[136]