Table 3.

Studies on the relationship between dietary intake (nutrients/patterns) and indices of arterial stiffness in children and adolescents.

[Reference], Study Sample	Aim	Method	Findings
[125] United States n = 1153/1347 10–19 years Youth with type 1 diabetes	To determine associations between baseline dietary pattern/s with AIx, PWV, and brachial distensibility measured later in a cohort with T1 diabetes.	Diet: 85-item FFQ, AIx@HR75 and PWV, brachial distensibility	Dietary pattern score was significantly positively associated with AIx@HR75.
[110] Copenhagen n = 193 children Overweight children 12–15 years	To examine relationships between protein intake, milk intake, physical activity, adiposity, and arterial stiffness in overweight children with habitual milk intakes ≤250 mL/d.	Diet: 4-d self-reported precoded food record cf-PWV and AIx@HR75	There was a positive relationship between %energy from protein and cf-PWV (ß = 0.05; p < 0.01), whereas milk intake was negatively associated with cf-PWV (ß= −0.64, p = 0.05). AIx@HR75 was negatively associated with pedometer counts (ß = −3.66; p < 0.05), there were no significant relationship between %energy from protein and milk consumption with AIx@HR75.
[111] The Copenhagen Cohort Study on Infant Nutrition and Growth Denmark. Healthy children 10 years n = 93 boys and girls	To assess current determinants of arterials stiffness in 10 year-old children	Average daily intake of fat and energy: precoded 7-d food record, parent proxy Aorta-radial PWV and aorta-femoral PWV	%energy from fat positively related to AR-PWV (ß = 3.1, 95% CI = 0.9; 5.2) and AF-PWV (ß = 1.8, 95% CI = 0.2; 3.2). After adjusting for total energy intake, only AR-PWV was remained significant. Energy intake negatively related to radial PWV (ß = −6.4, 95% CI = −11.7; −0.8)
[126] Greece, Heraklion, Southern Healthy participants n = 287 First grade of high school (12 years)	To assess the correlation of obesity, BP, and dietary habits (adherence to the Mediterranean diet) with indices of arterial stiffness.	Diet: KIDMED index AIx, PPP/CPP, RWTT/H	Independent negative correlation between KIDMED index and AIx (ß = −0.114, p = 0.026). There was no significant relationship between KIDMED index and PPP/CPP and RWTT/H.

AF-PWV: aorta-femoral pulse wave velocity, AIx: Augmentation index, AIx@HR75: Augmentation index for a heart rate of 75 beats per minute, AR-PWV: Aorta-radial pulse wave velocity, ß: Beta coefficient, BMI: Body mass index, BP: Blood pressure, CI: Confidence intervals, DXA: Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, DV: Dependent variable, FFQ: Food frequency questionnaire, IDV: Independent variable, IOTF: International obesity task force, PPP/CPP: Peripheral pulse pressure to central pulse pressure ratio, PWV: Pulse wave velocity, RWTT/H: Reflected wave transit time/height.