Table 2.
Summary of tracers used in preclinical studies and their biological targets.
Tracer | Targeting Moiety | Biological Target | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
64Cu | Anti-PD-1 | Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes | [41] |
124I | Anti-CD4 | CD8+ cells | [42,43,44] |
89Zr | Anti-CD4 | T-cell reconstitution post-transplant | [43] |
89Zr | Anti-CD3 | tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes | [44] |
64Cu | Anti-OX40 | T cells activation | [45] |
Anti-CTLA-4 | CTLA-4 visualization | ||
68Ga/18F | PSMA | PSMA | [46] |
18F-FDG | Fluorodeoxyglucose | Glucose metabolism | [47] |
68Ga-NODAGA-c(RGDfK) | RGD (arginine, glycine, aspartate) peptides | αvβ3 integrins in the tumor vasculature | [48] |
18F-EF5 | 2-(2-Nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro propyl)-acetamide | Hypoxia | [49,50] |
18F-FAZA | 1-(5-fluoro-5-deoxy-α-D-arabinofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole | ||
18F-FMISO | Fluoromisonidazole | [51,52,53,54] | |
18F-HX4 | fluoro-2-(4-((2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propan-1-ol | ||
(18F)F-AraG | 2-(2-Nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro propyl)-acetamide fluoro-9-β-D-arabinofuranosyl guanin |
T cell activation | [55,56] |