Table 2.
Model | 0-Rural | 0-Urban | 1-Rural | 1-Urban | 2a-Rural | 2a-Urban | 2b-Rural | 2b-Urban | 2c-Rural | 2c-Urban | 2d-Rural | 2d-Urban | 2e-Rural | 2e-Urban |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta | −0.04(0.04) | 0.10(0.03) ** | −0.95(0.11) ** | −1.13(0.09) ** | −0.93(0.11) ** | −1.07(0.09) ** | −0.95(0.11) ** | −1.10(0.09) ** | −1.08(0.12) ** | −1.23(0.09) ** | −0.88(0.11) ** | −1.06(0.09) ** | −0.93(0.10) ** | −1.13(0.09) ** |
Female | −0.05(0.03) * | 0.08(0.02) ** | −0.03(0.03) | 0.08(0.02) ** | −0.05(0.03) * | 0.08(0.02) ** | −0.04(0.03) * | 0.08(0.02) ** | −0.04(0.03) | 0.08(0.02) ** | −0.05(0.03) * | 0.07(0.02) ** | ||
SocEco Statue. | 0.15(0.01) ** | 0.16(0.01) ** | 0.15(0.01) ** | 0.15(0.01) ** | 0.15(0.01) ** | 0.16(0.01) ** | 0.15(0.01) ** | 0.16(0.01) ** | 0.15(0.01) ** | 0.16(0.01) ** | 0.15(0.01) ** | 0.16(0.01) ** | ||
Wealth | 0.01(0.01) * | 0.01(0.00) ** | 0.01(0.01) * | 0.01(0.00) ** | 0.01(0.01) * | 0.01(0.00) ** | 0.01(0.01) * | 0.01(0.00) ** | 0.01(0.01) * | 0.01(0.00) ** | 0.01(0.01) * | 0.01(0.00) ** | ||
Relatively low | 0.10(0.03) ** | 0.07(0.04) * | 0.09(0.03) ** | 0.06(0.04) * | 0.10(0.03) ** | 0.07(0.04) * | 0.10(0.03) ** | 0.06(0.04) * | 0.09(0.03) ** | 0.06(0.04) | 0.09(0.03) ** | 0.07(0.04) * | ||
Modest oncome | 0.17(0.04) ** | 0.09(0.04) ** | 0.19(0.04) ** | 0.09(0.04) * | 0.16(0.04) ** | 0.09(0.04) ** | 0.16(0.04) ** | 0.09(0.04) * | 0.17(0.04) ** | 0.08(0.04) * | 0.16(0.04) ** | 0.09(0.04) ** | ||
High oncome | 0.17(0.07) ** | 0.09(0.04) * | 0.19(0.07) ** | 0.09(0.04) * | 0.16(0.07) ** | 0.09(0.04) * | 0.17(0.07) ** | 0.09(0.04) * | 0.16(0.07) ** | 0.08(0.04) * | 0.17(0.07) ** | 0.10(0.04) * | ||
Household size | −0.01(0.01) * | 0.02(0.01) ** | −0.01(0.01) * | 0.02(0.01) ** | −0.01(0.01) * | 0.02(0.01) ** | −0.01(0.01) * | 0.02(0.01) ** | −0.01(0.01) * | 0.02(0.01) ** | −0.01(0.01) * | 0.02(0.01) ** | ||
Age 26–40 | −0.29(0.06) ** | −0.09(0.05) * | −0.30(0.06) ** | −0.08(0.05) * | −0.29(0.06) ** | −0.08(0.05) | −0.29(0.06) ** | −0.09(0.05) * | −0.31(0.06) ** | −0.10(0.05) * | −0.29(0.06) ** | −0.09(0.05) * | ||
Age 41–60 | −0.38(0.07) ** | −0.18(0.06) ** | −0.40(0.07) ** | −0.17(0.06) ** | −0.38(0.07) ** | −0.16(0.06) ** | −0.39(0.07) ** | −0.18(0.06) ** | −0.41(0.07) ** | −0.21(0.06) ** | −0.39(0.07) ** | −.18(.06) ** | ||
Age 61+ | −0.28(0.08) ** | −0.10(0.06) * | −0.30(0.07) ** | −0.10(0.06) * | −0.28(0.08) ** | −0.08(0.06) | −0.29(0.07) ** | −0.10(0.06) * | −0.30(0.08) ** | −0.14(0.06) * | −0.29(0.07) ** | −0.10(0.06) * | ||
Primary school | 0.04(0.04) | 0.00(0.06) | 0.03(0.04) | −0.01(0.06) | 0.04(0.04) | −0.00(0.06) | 0.04(0.04) | 0.01(0.06) | 0.03(0.04) | −0.01(0.06) | 0.04(0.04) | 0.00(0.06) | ||
Junior high | 0.08(0.05) * | 0.10(0.06) * | 0.06(0.05) | 0.08(0.06) * | 0.07(0.05) * | 0.09(0.06) * | 0.08(0.05) * | 0.11(0.06) * | 0.06(0.05) | 0.07(0.06) | 0.08(0.05) | 0.10(0.06) * | ||
Senior high | 0.05(0.06) | 0.12(0.06) * | 0.02(0.06) | 0.10(0.06) * | 0.03(0.06) | 0.11(0.06) * | 0.04(0.06) | 0.13(0.06) * | 0.02(0.06) | 0.093(0.057) * | 0.05(0.06) | 0.12(0.06) * | ||
College | −0.18(0.17) | 0.12(0.06) * | −0.24(0.17) | 0.08(0.06) | −0.21(0.18) | 0.09(0.06) * | −0.20(0.17) | 0.12(0.06) * | −0.20(0.17) | 0.08(0.06) | −0.18(0.17) | 0.12(0.06) * | ||
Postgraduate | 0.00(0.00) | 0.01(0.20) | 0.00(0.00) | −0.03(0.20) | 0.00(0.00) | −0.03(0.20) | 0.00(0.00) | 0.01(0.20) | 0.00(0.00) | −0.03(0.20) | 0.00(0.00) | 0.03(0.20) | ||
Married | 0.16(0.07) * | 0.01(0.05) | 0.16(0.07) * | 0.00(0.05) | 0.17(0.08) * | 0.01(0.05) | 0.15(0.07) * | 0.00(0.05) | 0.14(0.07) * | −0.01(0.05) | 0.16(0.07) * | 0.00(0.05) | ||
Divorced/Widow | −0.06(0.10) | −0.14(0.07) * | −0.06(0.10) | −0.14(0.07) * | −0.05(0.10) | −0.14(0.07) * | −0.07(0.10) | −0.14(0.07) * | −0.07(0.10) | −0.15(0.07) * | −0.06(0.10) | −0.14(0.07) * | ||
Unemployed | −0.15(0.14) | −0.10(0.03) ** | −0.14(0.14) | −0.09(0.03) ** | −0.15(0.14) | −0.09(0.03) ** | −0.15(0.14) | −0.09(0.03) ** | −0.14(0.14) | −0.09(0.03) ** | −0.15(0.14) | −0.10(0.03) ** | ||
SCI-Indi. | 0.01(0.00) ** | 0.01(0.00) ** | ||||||||||||
CP-Indi | 0.01(0.01) | 0.01(0.00) ** | ||||||||||||
CT-Indi | 0.014(0.01) ** | 0.00(0.00) | ||||||||||||
PP-Indi | 0.03(0.01) ** | 0.03(0.01) ** | ||||||||||||
PT-Indi | 0.02(0.01) ** | 0.01(0.00) ** | ||||||||||||
SCI-Dist | 0.02(0.01) * | −0.01(0.01) | ||||||||||||
CP-Dist | 0.01(0.02) | −0.03(0.01) ** | ||||||||||||
CT-Dist | 0.06(0.03) ** | 0.07(0.02) ** | ||||||||||||
PP-Dist | 0.00(0.03) | −0.01(0.02) | ||||||||||||
PT-Dist | 0.02(0.02) | −0.02(0.01) | ||||||||||||
0.15(0.03) ** | 0.12(0.02) ** | 0.10(0.02) ** | 0.08(0.01) ** | 0.09(0.02) ** | 0.08(0.01) ** | 0.10(0.02) ** | 0.08(0.01) ** | 0.09(0.02) ** | 0.07(0.01) ** | 0.10(0.02) ** | 0.08(0.01) ** | 0.09(0.02) ** | 0.08(0.01) ** | |
0.88(0.02) ** | 0.88(0.02) ** | 0.74(0.02) ** | 0.74(0.01) ** | 0.74(0.02) ** | 0.74(0.01) ** | 0.74(0.02) ** | 0.74(0.02) ** | 0.74(0.02) ** | 0.74(0.01) ** | 0.74(0.02) ** | 0.74(0.01) ** | 0.74(0.02) ** | 0.74(0.01) ** | |
−2ll | 11,758.18 | 16,806.03 | 11,014.44 | 15,677.74 | 10,978.14 | 15,651.57 | 11,013.29 | 15,662.8 | 10,999.03 | 15,658.99 | 11,000.53 | 15,650.52 | 10,997.09 | 15,669.1 |
VPC | 14.56% | 12.00% | 11.90% | 9.76% | 10.84% | 9.76% | −11015.59 | 9.76% | 10.84% | 8.64% | 11.90% | 9.76% | 10.84% | 9.76% |
** p <0.01; * p <0.05. Standard errors in parentheses. : individual-level variances; : community-level variance. SCI: social capital index; CP: civic participation; PP: political participation; PT: political trust; VPC: variance partition coefficient. Indi: Individual-level. Dist: District-level.