Table 1.
Sociodemographic, neurodevelopmental, and family factors.
| Hypersexual Disorder Group (n = 47) |
Healthy Volunteers (n = 38) |
p-Value | d | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic Variables | % | M (SD) | % | M (SD) | ||
| Age | 36.51 (11.47) | 37.92 (12.33) | 0.587 a | |||
| Highest educational qualification b | ||||||
| no school-leaving qualification | 2 | 0 | 0.503 c | |||
| secondary school leaving certificate of secondary education 4 years | 4 | 3 | ||||
| secondary school leaving certificate (5 years) | 11 | 5 | ||||
| completed apprenticeship | 28 | 26 | ||||
| secondary school leaving certificate (8 years) | 21 | 40 | ||||
| university degree | 34 | 26 | ||||
| Employment status d | ||||||
| unemployed | 9 | 14 | 0.458 c | |||
| in training | 27 | 30 | ||||
| retired | 4 | 8 | ||||
| employed | 66 | 48 | ||||
| Lifetime criminal history (yes) e | 19 | 11 | 0.368 c | |||
| Current intimate relationship (yes) | 43 | 61 | 0.128 c | |||
| Neurodevelopmental Factors | ||||||
| Developmental perturbations (yes) f | 43 | 42 | 1 c | |||
| Handedness g | ||||||
| right | 83 | 79 | 0.645 c | |||
| left | 4 | 10.5 | ||||
| ambidextrous | 13 | 10.5 | ||||
| 2D:4D finger length ratio h | 0.97 (.33) | 0.96 (0.29) | 0.738 a | |||
| Family Factors | ||||||
| Number of siblings | 1.51 (1.42) | 1.51 (0.93) | 0.995 a | |||
| Position in the birth order i | 1.67 (0.95) | 1.72 (0.82) | 0.687 j | |||
| Position among children in the household k | 1.57 (0.94) | 1.72 (0.82) | 0.642 j | |||
| Age at participants birth | ||||||
| Paternal | 30.02 (8.41) | 29.88 (4.57) | 0.930 a | |||
| Maternal | 27.64 (7.77) | 26.35 (4.79) | 0.384 a | |||
| Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) l,m | 57.42 (16.06) | 49.97 (8.38) | 0.009 a,* | 0.57 | ||
| Emotional abuse | 10.13 (4.76) | 7.29 (2.51) | 0.001 a,†,* | 0.73 | ||
| Physical abuse | 7.32 (3.67) | 6.26 (2.38) | 0.113 a | |||
| Sexual abuse | 6.28 (2.38) | 5.03 (3.42) | 0.017 a,* | 0.49 | ||
| Emotional neglect | 11.74 (4.86) | 9.24 (3.5) | 0.016 a,* | 0.54 | ||
| Physical neglect | 7.34 (3.02) | 6.53 (1.67) | 0.141 a | |||
| Psychiatric problems n | ||||||
| Father (yes) | 20 | 3 | 0.307 c | |||
| Mother (yes) | 39 | 9 | 0.001 c,†,* | |||
| Intelligence [WAIS-IV] o | ||||||
| Vocabulary | 46.26 (7.40) | 43.97 (8.97) | 0.204 a | |||
| Block-design-test | 48.91 (9.68) | 50.79 (8.77) | 0.359 a | |||
| Arithmetic | 17.15 (3.10) | 17.24 (3.84) | 0.911 a | |||
| Coding | 66.67 (15.73) | 71.92 (12.62) | 0.1 a | |||
Note. a Statistical analysis: t-test. b 0 = no school-leaving qualification; 1 = secondary school leaving certificate of secondary education (4 years); 2 = secondary school leaving certificate (5 years); 3 = completed apprenticeship 4 = secondary school leaving certificate (8 years); 5 = university degree. c Statistical analysis: Fishers exact test. d 0 = unemployed; 1 = in training; 2 = retired; 3 = employed. e Criminal status was assessed with a semi-structured interview (voluntary disclosure of confidential information) in which we asked participants to disclose all incidents of criminal behavior regardless of whether they had resulted in conviction. Lifetime history of any criminal behavior was coded 1; absence of criminal behavior was coded 0. f Assessed with a semi-structured questionnaire. Coded 1 if any of the following problems had occurred, otherwise coded 0: Complications at birth, problems with toilet training, problems with development of speech, problems with development of walking, head injuries, cranio-cerebral trauma, unconsciousness, childhood diseases (e.g., measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, chickenpox, poliomyelitis, meningitis, cerebral abscess, encephalitis and other illnesses resulting in a long stay in hospital). g Handedness was assessed using a 10-item adaptation of the German version of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory [38]. h The participants’ right hands were photocopied to measure individual finger lengths. This was done by laying the surface of the palm of the right hand onto a photocopier, the photocopied image was then used to estimate the ratio. The basal crease where the finger joins the palm and the distal point of the fingertip were used as landmarks to assess length. 2D:4D ratio was calculated by two independent raters, by dividing the length of the second digit by the length of the fourth digit. The computed means of the two raters were used. i Position in birth order with regard to mother’s other children. (What position are you in the birth order of your full siblings and the half-siblings on your mother’s side?). j Statistical analysis: Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney Test. k Position with regard to children growing up in the same household. (What position are you with regard to the siblings you grew up with?). l Five dimensions of childhood trauma were assessed via retrospective self-reports using the German version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [37]. m Higher values indicate more problems. n Participants were asked about maternal and paternal psychiatric problems in a semi-structured interview. Presence was coded 1, absence 0. o Sum scores in the German version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale WAIS—Fourth Edition [39]. * p-values < 0.05 were considered significant. † significant after Bonferroni α-correction. In this section p-values < 0.002 (0.05/22) were considered as significant.