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. 2019 Jan 31;7(2):41. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms7020041

Table 3.

Microbially synthesized vitamins and their physiological effects through circadian-controlled mechanisms.

Vitamin Physiological Effects Through Circadian Controlled Mechanisms Examples of Microorganisms That Synthesize the Vitamin
B1, thiamine Core body temperature, rat study [93] Streptococcus thermophilus ST5, Lactobacillus helveticus R0052, Bifidobacterium longum R0175 [94]
B2, riboflavin Affects metabolism by influencingcryptochrome 2 stability [95] Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli [94]
B3, niacin Lowered blood B3 associated with decreased duration of deep sleep in Parkinson’s disease [96] E. coli [91]
B9, folic acid Important for brain function by regulating brain clock genes [97]; lowered serum B9 associated with sleep disturbance [90] Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp. [94]
B12, methylcobalamine or cyanocobalamine Lowered serum B12 associated with sleep disturbance [90]; also reverses hydrogen sulfide effects on substrate oxidation [98] Propionibacterium freudenreichii; Lactobacillus reuteri [94]