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. 2019 Jan 31;11(2):159. doi: 10.3390/cancers11020159

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Radiation induces autophagosome formation and activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) in GSCs. (A) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of Glio9, Glio11, and Glio14 comparing ultrastructural responses in non-treated lines and cells exposed to 8 Gy of radiation. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER, blue arrows) and autophagosomes (red asterisks) are highlighted. Five images from two independent studies were analyzed. Scale bar: 0.5 µm. (B) Quantitative analysis of ER luminal diameter, as a surrogate marker for ER stress, and autophagic vesicles per cell using TEM images. Results are representative averages of at least five images and are displayed as mean ± SEM. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Mann-Whitney test. (C) Western blot analysis for ER stress markers (GRP78, GRP94, CHOP) and autophagy markers (LC3, Beclin-1, p62) in Glio9 and Glio14 at 1 h and 48 h post radiation exposure to increasing doses. See also Figure S1.