Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study subjects by metabolic syndrome (MetS).
| Variables Data | N (%) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No MetS (n = 4673) | MetS (n = 578) | ||
| Male | 2191 (46.9) | 241 (41.7) | 0.018 * |
| Female | 2482 (53.1) | 337 (58.3) | |
| Age (arithmetic mean ± SE, year) | 49.87 ± 0.22 | 61.59 ± 0.50 | <0.001 * |
| Age group (year) | |||
| 20–29 | 439 (9.4) | 9 (1.6) | <0.001 * |
| 30–39 | 860 (18.4) | 23 (4.0) | |
| 40–49 | 974 (20.8) | 50 (8.7) | |
| 50–59 | 1038 (22.2) | 133 (23.0) | |
| 60–69 | 855 (18.3) | 197 (34.1) | |
| 70+ | 507 (10.8) | 166 (28.7) | |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) (arithmetic mean ± SE, kg/m2) | 24.05 ± 0.05 | 27.02 ± 0.16 | <0.001 * |
| Obesity | |||
| Normal (BMI < 30) | 4516 (96.6) | 436 (75.4) | <0.001 * |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 157 (3.4) | 142 (24.6) | |
| Smoking Status | |||
| Non-smoker | 2950 (63.1) | 384 (66.4) | 0.100 |
| Past-smoker | 815 (17.4) | 103 (17.8) | |
| Current smoker | 908 (19.4) | 91 (15.7) | |
| Drinking Status | |||
| Non-drinker | 1468 (31.4) | 270 (46.7) | <0.001 * |
| Past-drinker | 293 (6.3) | 57 (9.9) | |
| Current drinker | 2912 (62.3) | 251 (43.4) | |
| Education level | |||
| <High school | 1419 (30.4) | 346 (59.9) | <0.001 * |
| High school | 1464 (31.3) | 152 (26.3) | |
| College and more | 1790 (38.3) | 80 (13.8) | |
| Regular exercise | |||
| Yes | 1697 (36.3) | 211 (36.5) | 0.929 |
| No | 2976 (63.7) | 367 (63.5) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Single | 529 (11.3) | 13 (2.2) | <0.001 * |
| Married | 3740 (80.0) | 453 (78.4) | |
| Divorce/Separation | 404 (8.6) | 112 (19.4) | |
| Income level 1 | |||
| Good | 41 (0.9) | 7 (1.2) | <0.001 * |
| Average | 3424 (73.3) | 329 (56.9) | |
| Bad | 1208 (25.9) | 242 (41.9) | |
| Alanine aminotransferase (arithmetic mean ± SE, U/L) | 23.8 ± 0.3 | 28.0 ± 0.8 | <0.001 * |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (arithmetic mean ± SE, U/L) | 25.1 ± 0.2 | 26.8 ± 0.5 | <0.001 * |
Note: T-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. 1 Criterion for categorizing income level: The respondents directly select among the three in the survey. * p-value < 0.05; SE: standard error.