Table 6.
Maternal Workplace Characteristics by Industry.
| TWH Domain 1 | Characteristic | Industry (n = 373) | p-Value 2 Sig. 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accommodation | Health care | Retail | Other | ||||
| (n = 87) | (n = 94) | (n = 65) | (n = 127) | ||||
| Policies and Culture | Paid Maternity Leave | Yes | 7.3% (n = 6) | 22.1% (n = 19) | 15.9% (n = 10) | 23.3% (n = 27) | 0.021 ^ |
| No | 79.3% (n = 65) | 58.1% (n = 50) | 61.9% (n = 39) | 62.9% (n = 73) | |||
| Not Sure | 13.4% (n = 11) | 19.8% (n = 17) | 22.2% (n = 14) | 13.8% (n = 16) | |||
| Other Maternity Leave | Yes | 16.4% (n = 12) | 44.4% (n = 28) | 15.1% (n = 8) | 25.9% (n = 22) | 0.000 * | |
| No | 53.4% (n = 39) | 17.5% (n = 11) | 35.8% (n = 19) | 47.1% (n = 40) | |||
| Not Sure | 30.1% (n = 22) | 38.1% (n = 24) | 49.1% (n = 26) | 27.1% (n = 23) | |||
| Breastfeeding Policy | Yes | 3.9% (n = 3) | 20.0% (n = 17) | 8.5% (n = 5) | 17.0% (n = 19) | 0.003 * | |
| No | 49.4% (n = 38) | 36.5% (n = 31) | 28.8% (n = 17) | 43.8% (n = 49) | |||
| Not Sure | 46.8% (n = 36) | 43.5% (n = 37) | 62.7% (n = 37) | 39.3% (n = 44) | |||
| Seen Policy | Yes | 3.3% (n = 2) | 18.2% (n = 12) | 11.4% (n = 5) | 19.8% (n = 16) | 0.096 | |
| No | 73.8% (n = 45) | 65.2% (n = 43) | 68.2% (n = 30) | 61.7% (n = 50) | |||
| Not Sure | 23.0% (n = 14) | 16.7% (n = 11) | 20.5% (n = 9) | 18.5% (n = 15) | |||
| Pumping Break Times | Yes | 35.8% (n = 29) | 59.0% (n = 49) | 44.4% (n = 28) | 54.0% (n = 61) | 0.071 | |
| No | 18.5% (n = 15) | 8.4% (n = 7) | 14.3% (n = 9) | 13.3% (n = 15) | |||
| Not Sure | 45.7% (n = 37) | 32.5% (n = 27) | 41.3% (n = 26) | 32.7% (n = 37) | |||
| Flexible Breaks | Yes | 72.4% (n = 21) | 83.3% (n = 40) | 85.2% (n = 23) | 84.7% (n = 50) | 0.788 | |
| No | 17.2% (n = 5) | 12.5% (n = 6) | 11.1% (n = 3) | 8.5% (n = 5) | |||
| Not Sure | 10.3% (n = 3) | 4.2% (n = 2) | 3.7% (n = 1) | 6.8% (n = 4) | |||
| Physical Environment and Safety Climate | Private Pumping Space | Yes | 26.0% (n = 20) | 55.0% (n = 44) | 24.2% (n = 15) | 46.3% (n = 50) | 0.000 * |
| No | 54.5% (n = 42) | 21.3% (n = 17) | 50.0% (n = 31) | 34.3% (n = 37) | |||
| Not Sure | 19.5% (n = 15) | 23.8% (n = 19) | 25.8% (n = 16) | 19.4% (n = 21) | |||
| Onsite Items | Utilities, Yes | 76.1% (n = 35) | 79.4% (n = 50) | 79.3% (n = 23) | 83.3% (n = 60) | 0.797 | |
| Utilities, No | 23.9% (n = 11) | 20.6% (n = 13) | 20.7% (n = 6) | 16.7% (n = 12) | |||
| Physical, Yes | 91.3% (n = 42) | 93.7% (n = 59) | 86.2% (n = 25) | 93.1% (n = 67) | 0.602 | ||
| Physical, No | 8.7% (n = 4) | 6.3% (n = 4) | 13.8% (n = 4) | 6.9% (n = 5) | |||
| Supportive Coworkers | Yes | 42.5% (n = 34) | 63.9% (n = 53) | 42.6% (n = 26) | 61.1% (n = 66) | 0.034 ^ | |
| No | 8.8% (n = 7) | 4.8% (n = 4) | 6.6% (n = 4) | 6.5% (n = 7) | |||
| Not Sure | 48.8% (n = 39) | 31.3% (n = 26) | 50.8% (n = 31) | 32.4% (n = 35) | |||
| Supportive Supervisors | Yes | 41.6% (n = 32) | 58.5% (n = 48) | 47.5% (n = 29) | 62.0% (n = 67) | 0.044 ^ | |
| No | 14.3% (n = 11) | 3.7% (n = 3) | 8.2% (n = 5) | 5.6% (n = 6) | |||
| Not Sure | 44.2% (n = 34) | 37.8% (n = 31) | 44.3% (n = 27) | 32.4% (n = 35) | |||
| Health Behavior | Pumped at Work | Yes | 23.7% (n = 18) | 42.2% (n = 35) | 23.7% (n = 14) | 41.3% (n = 45) | 0.010 * |
| No | 76.3% (n = 58) | 57.8% (n = 48) | 76.3% (n = 45) | 58.7% (n = 64) | |||
| Work Evaluation and Experience | Reaction to Pumping | Any negative | 55.6% (n = 10) | 34.3% (n = 12) | 53.8% (n = 7) | 26.7% (n = 12) | 0.095 |
| Positive / None | 44.4% (n = 8) | 65.7% (n = 23) | 46.2% (n = 6) | 73.3% (n = 33) | |||
| Pumped Longer if Easier | Yes | 35.8% (n = 24) | 38.6% (n = 27) | 20.4% (n = 10) | 36.6% (n = 34) | 0.250 | |
| No | 28.4% (n = 19) | 30.0% (n = 21) | 30.6% (n = 15) | 34.4% (n = 32) | |||
| Not Sure | 35.8% (n = 24) | 31.4% (n = 22) | 49.0% (n = 24) | 29.0% (n = 27) | |||
| Factors | Policy/Culture, Yes | 69.6% (n = 16) | 53.8% (n = 14) | 60.0% (n = 6) | 69.7% (n = 23) | 0.554 | |
| Policy/Culture, No | 30.4% (n = 7) | 46.2% (n = 12) | 40.0% (n = 4) | 30.3% (n = 10) | |||
| Environment, Yes | 60.9% (n = 14) | 34.6% (n = 9) | 50.0% (n = 5) | 48.5% (n = 16) | 0.335 | ||
| Environment, No | 39.1% (n = 9) | 65.4% (n = 17) | 50.0% (n = 5) | 51.5% (n = 17) | |||
1 For the Total Worker Health well-being domain questions, survey participants were only instructed to reply for their current job, and if they were currently on maternity leave or recently left their job, they were asked to respond for their most recent job. 2 p-Value was based on Fisher’s exact tests or Fisher’s exact tests with Freeman and Halton’s adaptations for RxC tables. 3 Statistical significance (*) was based on an alpha of 0.05 with Bonferroni correction based on the number of comparisons within each category or domain (with no correction for demographic variables). A Monte Carlo estimation with 10,000,000 samples was used to calculate Fisher–Freeman–Halton statistics for tables with industry. Estimates were considered marginally significant (^) if they met the alpha criteria of 0.05 but were no longer significant after Bonferroni correction.