Table 1.

The expression, function and mechanism of lncRNAs in EC.

LncRNA	Expression	Function	Mechanism	Ref.
CASC2	Downregulation	—	—	[19]
GAS5	Downregulation	Tumor suppressor	Induced PTEN expression via inhibiting miR-103	[20]
MEG3	Downregulation	Tumor suppressor	Combined directly with PI3K protein and reduced its expression	[21,22]
FER1L4	Downregulation	Tumor suppressor	Enhanced PTEN expression	[23,24]
LINC00672	Downregulation	Tumor suppressor	Served as a locus-restricted cofactor for p53-mediated gene suppression	[25]
CCAT2	Upregulation	Oncogene	Activated the PI3K/AKT pathway by reducing miR-216b expression	[26]
BANCR	Upregulation	Oncogene	Activated the MEK/ERK signaling	[27]
NEAT1	Upregulation	Oncogene	Activated the WNT/β-catenin pathway via inhibiting miR-146b and miR-214 expression	[28]
MALAT1	Upregulation	Oncogene	Inhibited miR-200c expression	[29]
H19	Upregulation	Oncogene	Induced EMT via inhibiting let-7 expression	[30,31,32,33,34,35]
HOTAIR	Upregulation	Oncogene	Increased NPM1 expression via suppressing miR-646 expression	[36,37,38,39]
UCA1	Upregulation	Oncogene	—	[40]
CARLo-5	Upregulation	—	—	[41]
TDRG1	Upregulation	Oncogene	Directly interacted with VEGF-A protein and upregulated its expression	[42]
TUG1	Upregulation	Oncogene	Increased VEGF-A expression via suppressing miR-34a and miR-299	[43]
PCGEM1	Upregulation	Oncogene	Activated the STAT3 pathway via reducing miR-129 expression	[44]