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. 2019 Feb 20;8(2):183. doi: 10.3390/cells8020183

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Development of Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in their hypoxic niche within the bone marrow and maintain a quiescent state. When activated, the HSC can generate daughter cells of the common myeloid progenitor lineage and subsequently, into circulating monocytes. When stimulated by inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-6 or TNF, such as following muscle damage), monocytes undergo transcriptional changes that prevent apoptosis and enhance autophagy machinery during the differentiation into a macrophage. Mature macrophages (both classical and alterative) rely heavily on autophagy to aid in their function of clearing the damaged tissue and cellular debris that is the result of muscle injury.