Table 1.
Subclasses of flavonoids. ERK—extracellular signal-regulated kinases, NF-κB—nuclear factor-kappa B; MAPK—mitogen-activated protein kinase; ROS—reactive oxygen species; COX-2—cyclooxygenase-2; IL—interleukin; TNF—tumor necrosis factor; iNOS—inducible NO synthase; PKC—protein kinase C, MDA—malondialdehyde , MMP—matrix metalloproteinase, FAK—focal adhesion kinase.
| Class of Flavonoids | Chemical Structure | Dietary Source | Compound | Molecular Targets | Biological Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flavanol |
|
Tea, red wine, red grapes | Catechin, Epigallocatechin | ↓ ERK, NF-κB, Rac1, AP-1, p38 | Anti-carcinogenic | [2,9] |
| Flavone |
|
Fruit skins, red pepper, and tomato skin | Apigenin, Chrysin, and Luteolin | ↓ Akt, ERK, caspase-12, caspase-3, MAPK, ROS, COX-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1 β , iNOS, PGE2 | Anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, neuroprotective | [10,11,12,13] |
| Flavonol |
|
Onion, red wine, olive oil, berries, and grapefruit | Quercetin, Kaempferol, Myricetin, and Fisetin | ↓ PKC, AP-1, H2O2, iNOS, MDA, citrate synthase, MMP-9,MMP-2, COX-2,ERK | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective reduce risk of vascular disease | [2,14] |
| Flavanone |
|
Citrus fruits, grapefruits, lemons, and oranges | Hesperetin, Naringenin | ↓ROS, glutathione reductase, iNOS, 3-nitropropionic acid, COX2, NF-κB, IL-1β, TNF-α | Blood lipid-lowering and cholesterol-lowering agents, antiviral, antioxidant | [14] |
| Isoflavone |
|
Soyabean | Genistin, Daidzin | ↓ FAK, MAPK, NF-κB, AP-1, MMP-9, MMP-2 | Anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer | |
| Anthocyanidin |
|
Cherry, Elsberry, and strawberry | Apigenidin, Cyanidin | ↓MMP-9, MMP-2, ERK, AP-1, NFKB, MAPK, | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, cardioprotective | |
| Flavanonol |
|
Limon, aurantium, Milk thistle | Taxifolin, Silibinin | ↓ H2O2, iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-8, ROS | antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antiallergic, antitumor |