Figure 5.

Underlying mechanisms of humoral immune response-associated irAEs. Panel (A) shows a model demonstrating the immune balance between a T cell-mediated immune response and a B cell-mediated immune response. Immune checkpoint inhibitors can activate both T cells (cellular immune response) and B cells (humoral immune response), and have the potential to modulate the balance between cellular immune response and humoral immune response, since PD-1/PD-L1 express on both T cells and B cells. Panel (B) shows a model demonstrating immune balance between the Th1 cell and the Th2 cell. Immune checkpoint inhibitors can activate both Th1 cells (cellular immune response) and Th2 cells (humoral immune response), and have the potential to modulate the balance between cellular immune response and humoral immune response, since PD-1/PD-L1 express on both Th1 cells and Th2 cells.