Fig. 4.

Differential expression of 26 Anopheles sinensis UGT genes detected by RNA-seq. a–c The differential expression in Anhui (AH-FR), Chongqing (CQ-FR) and Yunnan (YN-FR) field pyrethroid-resistant population compared with the laboratory susceptible strain (WX-LS), respectively. Genes with FPKM log₂(fold) ≥ 1 and P-value ≤ 0.05 are considered to be significantly upregulated, and are indicated in red, while those with FPKM log₂(fold) ≤ − 1 and P-value ≤ 0.05 are regarded as significantly downregulated, and are indicated in green. Black-filled cycles represent those genes that have no significant expression. d The Venn diagram summarizes the genes with significantly different expression in the three resistant populations, and the gene UGT308D3 is significantly upregulated in these three populations