Table 4.
Poisson regression results: opioids, 1999‐2016
| All opioids—Panel A (prescription and illicit opioids) | All opioids—Panel B (prescription and illicit opioids and other/unspecified narcotics) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GS | −0.0413 [0.1552] | −0.0335 [0.1554] | −0.0307 [0.1427] | −0.0413 [0.1425] | −0.0689 [0.1485] | −0.1273 [0.1373] | −0.1289 [0.1393] | −0.1102 [0.1268] | −0.1196 [0.1235] | −0.1407 [0.1300] |
| PDMP | −0.0367 [0.0533] | −0.0476 [0.0502] | −0.0453 [0.0512] | −0.0525 [0.0518] | 0.0075 [0.0604] | 0.0024 [0.0589] | 0.0039 [0.0589] | −0.0022 [0.0594] | ||
| PMC | 0.0346 [0.1808] | −0.0030 [0.1651] | 0.0003 [0.1560] | 0.1242 [0.1656] | 0.0965 [0.1503] | 0.1000 [0.1438] | ||||
| MML | 0.1628 [0.1354] | 0.1469 [0.1255] | 0.1598 [0.1246] | 0.0745 [0.1171] | 0.0628 [0.1091] | 0.0730 [0.1071] | ||||
| NA | 0.1295 [0.0935] | 0.0943 [0.0805] | ||||||||
| N | 892 | 892 | 892 | 892 | 892 | 901 | 901 | 901 | 901 | 901 |
| Prescription Opioids—Panel C | Illicit Opioids—Panel D | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GS | −0.0824 [0.1573] | −0.0753 [0.1563] | −0.0734 [0.1457] | −0.0879 [0.1461] | −0.1201 [0.1529] | 0.0805 [0.1980] | 0.0956 [0.2153] | 0.1537 [0.1712] | 0.1385 [0.1661] | 0.1152 [0.1619] |
| PDMP | −0.0337 [0.0496] | −0.0463 [0.0470] | −0.0413 [0.0475] | −0.0474 [0.0473] | −0.0644 [0.1376] | −0.0860 [0.1323] | −0.0695 [0.1349] | −0.0888 [0.1358] | ||
| PMC | 0.0373 [0.1516] | −0.0185 [0.1397] | −0.0154 [0.1314] | 0.2417 [0.3065] | 0.1616 [0.2702] | 0.1616 [0.2588] | ||||
| MML | 0.2111 [0.1711] | 0.1835 [0.1560] | 0.1964 [0.1534] | 0.1290 [0.1665] | 0.0948 [0.1575] | 0.1144 [0.1643] | ||||
| NA | 0.1475 [0.0980] | 0.1315 [0.0904] | ||||||||
| N | 884 | 884 | 884 | 884 | 884 | 577 | 577 | 577 | 577 | 577 |
| Covariates | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| State/Year Fixed Effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Tables contain Poisson regression coefficients and clustered standard errors in brackets. Deaths derived from CDC WONDER, 1999‐2016, with underlying causes of death (X40‐44; Y10‐14; X85; X60‐64) and multiple cause of death by category of drug. All opioids—Panel A (T40.0‐T40.4); all opioids—Panel B (T40.1‐T40.4, T40.6); prescription opioids—Panel C (T40.2‐T40.4); illicit opioids—Panel D (T40.0‐T40.1). Counts of deaths have a minimum of 10 per CDC WONDER; counts of less than 10 are suppressed and recorded as missing in the data.
GS, Good Samaritan policy; PDMP, prescription drug monitoring program; PMC, pain management clinic policy; MML, presence of a medical marijuana dispensary.
*P < 0.10, **P < 0.05, ***P < 0.01.