Fig. 4. The characterized DNA adducts may derive from a colibactin-DNA interstrand cross-link.

(A) Proposed model for colibactin DNA alkylation and formation of DNA adducts 1 and 2 (DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid; Ade = adenine). (B) Arrayed microwell comets from untreated HeLa cells and HeLa cells treated with pBelo or pks+ E. coli for 1 h at 37 °C [multiplicity of infection (MOI) = 1,000]. Scale bar indicates 100 μm. (C) Quantification of % DNA in tail from untreated HeLa cells and HeLa cells treated with pBelo or pks+ E. coli for 1 h at 37 °C (MOI = 1,000). Data points and error bars represent mean +/− SEM, respectively, of three independent experiments. Student’s t-test was performed to compare each treated dose to the corresponding negative controls (* P < 0.05).