Table 1.
Baseline participant characteristics (N = 122), including observed sample mean, standard deviation, range and sample size, per condition and per outcome measure
| SST (N = 47; 87% male) | SST–PTI (N = 51; 78% male) | CAU (N = 24; 92% male) | Statistics | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Range | Mean (SD) | Range | Mean (SD) | Range | ANOVA p value | |
| Age (years) | 10.9 (0.7) | 9.9–12.6 | 10.9 (0.8) | 9.6–12.7 | 11.2 (0.9) | 9.8–13.0 | 0.12 |
| ADOS | |||||||
| Social effect | 8.7 (4.5) | 2–20 | 7.9 (3.8) | 0–20 | 8.6 (3.3) | 3–15 | 0.58 |
| Restricted and repetitive behavior | 1.0 (0.9) | 0–30 | 1.3 (1.1) | 0–50 | 1.1 (1.2) | 0–40 | 0.38 |
| Calibrated Severity Score | 5.6 (2.4) | 1–10 | 5.4 (2.3) | 1–10 | 5.7 (2.1) | 2–90 | 0.85 |
| ADI-R | |||||||
| Social interaction | 15.0 (6.1) | 4–27 | 13.7 (5.6) | 3–26 | 13.7 (4.5) | 2–22 | 0.46 |
| Communication | 12.5 (4.9) | 2–23 | 11.3 (4.4) | 3–21 | 12.2 (4.6) | 0–19 | 0.44 |
| Restricted and repetitive behavior | 3.0 (2.1) | 0–8 | 3.4 (2.1) | 0–10 | 3.0 (2.2) | 0–8 | 0.70 |
| Vineland | |||||||
| Communication | 111.4 (8.0) | 95–126 | 112.1 (8.6) | 88–129 | 115.3 (8.1) | 94–128 | 0.19 |
| Daily living skills | 120.2 (14.7) | 70–145 | 121.2 (13.7) | 93–149 | 125.6 (13.1) | 98–150 | 0.29 |
| Socialization | 79.5 (12.9) | 53–107 | 82.4 (16.1) | 26–118 | 86.8 (14.8) | 52–115 | 0.14 |
| ESTIA-TS SSRS-P | |||||||
| Training-specific social skills | 73.0 (15.4) | 42–106 | 68.6 (12.8) | 47–102 | 74.4 (12.5) | 53–103 | 0.15 |
| Cooperation | 7.5 (4.1) | 1–17 | 8.2 (3.2) | 2–13 | 7.8 (4.2) | 2–16 | 0.67 |
| Assertion | 9.8 (3.0) | 4–19 | 10.6 (3.1) | 3–19 | 10.3 (2.6) | 4–15 | 0.40 |
| Self-control | 7.2 (3.5) | 0–16 | 7.7 (3.3) | 1–16 | 7.5 (3.5) | 3–13 | 0.70 |
| Responsibility | 9.7 (3.6) | 0–18 | 10.9 (3.2) | 3–17 | 10.7 (2.4) | 7–17 | 0.20 |
| SSRS-T | |||||||
| Cooperation | 13.5 (4.0) | 4–20 | 13.0 (4.7) | 2–20 | 12.4 (4.5) | 7–20 | 0.59 |
| Assertion | 9.2 (4.1) | 0–16 | 8.2 (4.0) | 1–17 | 8.5 (4.2) | 0–17 | 0.52 |
| Self-control | 10.5 (4.1) | 3–20 | 9.0 (4.3) | 2–18 | 9.0 (3.7) | 4–18 | 0.15 |
| IQ | 102.5 (14.8) | 72–135 | 98.7 (16.4) | 73–132 | 105.6 (13.1) | 73–126 | 0.17 |
ADOS autism diagnostic observation schedule, CAU care-as-usual, ESTIA-TS efficacy of social skills training in autism—training specific, SSRS-P social skills rating scale-parents, SSRS-T social skills rating scale-teacher, SST social skills training, SST–PTI social skills training—parent and teacher involvement, Vineland Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales