TABLE 1.
Demographic characteristics of the study sample and of those consuming low- and high-GHGE diets, adults ≥18 y, NHANES 2005–20101
| Overall sample (n = 16,800) | Low-GHGE diet (n = 3545) | High-GHGE diet (n = 3303) | P 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | — | — | — | <0.001 |
| Female, % | 52.1 | 56.1 | 46.5 | |
| Male, % | 47.9 | 43.9 | 53.5 | |
| Age, y | — | — | — | 0.010 |
| 18–29, % | 22.1 | 25.8 | 21.1 | |
| 30–49, % | 36.9 | 36.3 | 37.4 | |
| 50–65, % | 25.5 | 24.0 | 25.8 | |
| ≥66, % | 15.5 | 14.0 | 15.7 | |
| Race-ethnicity | — | — | — | <0.001 |
| Latino, % | 12.7 | 13.2 | 12.5 | |
| White, % | 70.1 | 66.6 | 71.1 | |
| African-American, % | 11.6 | 14.3 | 10.3 | |
| Other, multi, % | 5.7 | 6.0 | 6.1 | |
| Education | — | — | — | 0.352 |
| <High school graduate, % | 19.2 | 20.4 | 19.6 | |
| High school graduate, % | 25.0 | 24.8 | 26.2 | |
| Some college, % | 30.6 | 31.4 | 29.6 | |
| College graduate, % | 25.2 | 23.4 | 24.6 | |
| Income-to-poverty ratio3 | — | — | — | 0.754 |
| Missing income data, % | 6.2 | 6.6 | 5.8 | |
| <1, % | 13.2 | 14.4 | 14.2 | |
| 1–<2, % | 19.1 | 19.5 | 19.4 | |
| 2–<5, % | 37.0 | 36.7 | 36.4 | |
| ≥5, % | 24.4 | 22.7 | 24.2 |
1
Diets in NHANES were ranked on GHGE (kg CO2-eq/1000 kcal per day), and divided into quintiles. Those in the lowest quintile of GHGE were defined as low-GHGE diets, whereas those in the top quintile were defined as high-GHGE diets. GHGE, greenhouse gas emissions.
2
Determined by chi-square test.
3
Income-to-poverty ratio is the ratio of family income to the federal poverty guideline for each family based on its household size, state of residence, and the year of observation. An income-to-poverty ratio <1 indicates the family is in poverty.