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Flow rates when changing the applied frequency. Flow rates when changing the applied frequency from 40 to 70 MHz (voltage: 8 Vpp, ion concentration: 50 mM and offset voltage: 0 V). The flow rate was maximized at 55 MHz and significantly larger than that at 40 and 70 MHz. Values were analysed by a paired t-test, mean ± standard error, n = 7, *p < 0.05.
