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. 2019 Mar 8;9:3945. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40388-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cytotoxicity of various doxorubicin formulations. Viability of (a) HT29 (b) CCD841CoN, and (c) HepG2 cells after being treated with free doxorubicin (Dox) and various nanoparticles that carried equal Dox concentration. Dox-loaded in the virus-like particle of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNVLP-Dox) was less cytotoxic to all the tested cell lines as compared with free Dox. MrNVLP conjugated with folic acid (FA) and loaded with Dox (FA-MrNVLP-Dox) was more cytotoxic to HT29 cells compared with free Dox. Conversely, FA-MrNVLP-Dox exhibited a lower cytotoxicity to CCD841CoN and HepG2 cells as compared with free Dox. Small graphs on the right show that MrNVLP and FA-conjugated MrNVLP (FA-MrNVLP) were not cytotoxic to the tested cells. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of triplicate measurements. *** indicates P < 0.001, ** indicates P < 0.005, and *indicates P < 0.05 when comparing the cytotoxicity of FA-MrNVLP-Dox with free Dox.