Fig. 7. Schematic illustrating that BNIP3 promotes keratinocyte migration through autophagy activation.

Wound-induced hypoxia in the wound margin stimulates the accumulation of ROS, which in turn increases the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK MAP kinase. Activated MAP kinases promote the upregulation of transcription factor (TF) signaling, such as HIF-1α and FOXO, elevating the expression of BNIP3 and resulting in the induction of autophagy. Further, autophagy is required for the migration of keratinocytes