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. 2019 Mar 8;9:4007. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38321-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Impact of VWR on HFD-induced hepatic inflammation and macrophage infiltration. (A) Relative mRNA expression levels in whole liver of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines, and (B) the macrophage-marker F4/80, (C) relative numbers of living, intrahepatic CD45⁺F4/80⁺ cells quantified by flow cytometry, and (D) CCL2 serum levels in VWR and SED mice after 12 weeks of exposure to CD or HFD. Data in A and B are means ± SEM of (A,B) n = 7 VWR/CD, n = 8 VWR/HFD, n = 5 SED/CD, n = 5 SED/HFD mice, (C,D) n = 5 VWR/CD, n = 5 VWR/HFD, n = 5 SED/CD and n = 15 SED/HFD mice. *p < 0.05 for CD vs. HFD and ^$p < 0.05 for SED vs. VWR using Mann-Whitney U test (A,C) or two-tailed Student’s t-test (B,D).